{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T23:05:22Z","timestamp":1776121522573,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PRR"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Quality control represents a critical function in industrial environments, ensuring that manufactured products meet strict standards and remain free from defects. In highly regulated sectors such as the pharmaceutical industry, traditional manual inspection methods remain widely used. However, these are time-consuming and prone to human error, and they lack the reliability required for large-scale operations, highlighting the urgent need for automated solutions. This is crucial for industrial applications, where environments evolve and new defect types can arise unpredictably. This work proposes an automated visual defect detection system specifically designed for pharmaceutical bottles, with potential applicability in other manufacturing domains. Various methods were integrated to create robust tools capable of real-world deployment. A key strategy is the use of incremental learning, which enables machine learning models to incorporate new, unseen data without full retraining, thus enabling adaptation to new defects as they appear, allowing models to handle rare cases while maintaining stability and performance. The proposed solution incorporates a multi-view inspection setup to capture images from multiple angles, enhancing accuracy and robustness. Evaluations in real-world industrial conditions demonstrated high defect detection rates, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging11100350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T08:22:08Z","timestamp":1759911728000},"page":"350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Automatic Visual Inspection for Industrial Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2664-7240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio Gouveia","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto (FEUP), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3640-7019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Vila\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto (FEUP), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neutroplast Company, 2590-057 Sobral de Monte Agra\u00e7o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3778-8773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Soares da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Escola Superior de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Instituto Superior Polit\u00e9cnico Gaya, 4400-103 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4983-4316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Miguel","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Quality, M. 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