{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:57:32Z","timestamp":1760241452913,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,23]],"date-time":"2018-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1521763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wine counterfeiting is a major problem worldwide. Within this context, an approach to the problem of discerning original wine bottles from forged ones is the use of natural features present in the product, object and\/or material (using it \u201cas is\u201d). The proposed application uses the cork stopper as a unique fingerprint, combined with state of the art image processing techniques to achieve individual object recognition and smartphones as the authentication equipment. The anti-counterfeiting scheme is divided into two phases: an enrollment phase, where every bottle is registered in a database using a photo of its cork stopper inside the bottle; and a verification phase, where an end-user\/retailer captures a photo of the cork stopper using a regular smartphone, compares the photo with the previously-stored one and retrieves it if the wine bottle was previously registered. To evaluate the performance of the proposed application, two datasets of natural\/agglomerate cork stoppers were built, totaling 1000 photos. The worst case results show a 100% precision ratio, an accuracy of 99.94% and a recall of 94.00%, using different smartphones. The perfect score in precision is a promising result, proving that this system can be applied to the prevention of wine counterfeiting and consumer\/retailer security when purchasing a wine bottle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging4040054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,23]],"date-time":"2018-03-23T11:52:12Z","timestamp":1521805932000},"page":"54","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Preventing Wine Counterfeiting by Individual Cork Stopper Recognition Using Image Processing Technologies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4769-8843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valter","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INEGI\u2014Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Porto 4200-465, Portugal"},{"name":"FEUP\u2014Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Porto 4200-465, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0317-4714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armando","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FEUP\u2014Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Porto 4200-465, Portugal"},{"name":"INESC TEC\u2014INESC Technology and Science (formerly INESC Porto), Porto 4200-465, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INEGI\u2014Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Porto 4200-465, Portugal"},{"name":"FEUP\u2014Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Porto 4200-465, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"European Observatory on Infringements of Intellectual Property Rights (2016). Infringement of Protected Geographical Indications for Wine, Spirits, Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs in the European Union."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2015.00002","article-title":"Cork\u2014A Renewable Raw Material: Forecast of Industrial Potential and Development Priorities","volume":"2","author":"Duarte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosten, E., and Drummond, T. (2006). Machine Learning for High-Speed Corner Detection. Computer Vision\u2014ECCV 2006, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/11744023_34"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000029664.99615.94","article-title":"Distinctive Image Features from Scale-Invariant Keypoints","volume":"60","author":"Lowe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2007.09.014","article-title":"Speeded-Up Robust Features (SURF)","volume":"110","author":"Bay","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Vis. Image Underst."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feichtenhofer, C., and Pinz, A. (2013, January 2\u20138). Spatio-temporal Good Features to Track. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops, Sydney, NSW, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2013.40"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rublee, E., Rabaud, V., Konolige, K., and Bradski, G. (2011, January 6\u201313). ORB: An efficient alternative to SIFT or SURF. Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Computer Vision, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2011.6126544"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leutenegger, S., Chli, M., and Siegwart, R.Y. (2011, January 6\u201313). BRISK: Binary Robust invariant scalable keypoints. Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Computer Vision, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2011.6126542"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forssen, P.E. (2007, January 17\u201322). Maximally Stable Colour Regions for Recognition and Matching. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Minneapolis, MN, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2007.383120"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Dalal, N., and Triggs, B. (2004, January 20\u201325). Histograms of Oriented Gradients for Human Detection. Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR\u201905), San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Viola, P., and Jones, M. (2011, January 8\u201314). Rapid object detection using a boosted cascade of simple features. Proceedings of the Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), Kauai, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alcantarilla, P., Nuevo, J., and Bartoli, A. (2013, January 9\u201313). Fast Explicit Diffusion for Accelerated Features in Nonlinear Scale Spaces. Proceedings of the British Machine Vision Conference 2013, Bristol, UK.","DOI":"10.5244\/C.27.13"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alahi, A., Ortiz, R., and Vandergheynst, P. (2012, January 16\u201321). FREAK: Fast Retina Keypoint. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Providence, RI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2012.6247715"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-15561-1_56","article-title":"BRIEF: Binary Robust Independent Elementary Features","volume":"Volume 6314 LNCS","author":"Calonder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muja, M., and Lowe, D.G. (2012, January 27\u201330). Fast Matching of Binary Features. Proceedings of the 2012 Ninth Conference on Computer and Robot Vision, Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/CRV.2012.60"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Medasani, S., Srinivasa, N., and Owechko, Y. (2004, January 25\u201329). Active learning system for object fingerprinting. Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, Budapest, Hungary. IEEE Cat. No. 04CH37541."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, X., and Huang, T. (2009, January 24\u201327). A SIFT-based image fingerprinting approach robust to geometric transformations. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Taipei, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2009.5118093"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Beis, J.S., and Lowe, D.G. (1997, January 17\u201319). Shape Indexing Using Approximate Nearest-Neighbour Search in High-Dimensional Spaces. Proceedings of the 1997 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR \u201997), San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takahashi, T., and Ishiyama, R. (2014, January 10\u201312). FIBAR: Fingerprint Imaging by Binary Angular Reflection for Individual Identification of Metal Parts. Proceedings of the 2014 Fifth International Conference on Emerging Security Technologies, Alcala de Henares, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/EST.2014.25"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4236\/jamp.2015.31001","article-title":"RFID Anti-Counterfeiting for Retailing Systems","volume":"3","author":"Tran","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Math. Phys."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Thinfilm (2018, January 20). Products NFC Solutions. Available online: http:\/\/thinfilm.no\/solutions-nfc-solutions\/."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-016-3374-x","article-title":"Product Authentication Using QR Codes: A Mobile Application to Combat Counterfeiting","volume":"90","author":"Dugar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wirel. Personal Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2017, December 28). Prooftag Home Page\u2014Prooftag|Unique Proof of Authenticity. Available online: http:\/\/www.prooftag.net\/."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-009-0251-4","article-title":"Improving the industrial classification of cork stoppers by using image processing and Neuro-Fuzzy computing","volume":"21","author":"Paniagua","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Intell. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01934268","article-title":"Least-squares fitting of circles and ellipses","volume":"34","author":"Gander","year":"1994","journal-title":"BIT"}],"container-title":["Journal of Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/4\/4\/54\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:58:20Z","timestamp":1760194700000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/4\/4\/54"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,23]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]}},"alternative-id":["jimaging4040054"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jimaging4040054","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-433X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2313-433X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,23]]}}}