{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T18:28:03Z","timestamp":1769020083629,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]],"date-time":"2021-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Quality control of heat sealed bottles is very important to minimize waste and in some cases protect people\u2019s health. The present paper describes a case study where an automated non invasive and non destructive quality control system was designed to assess the quality of the seals of bottles containing pesticide. In this case study, the integrity of the seals is evaluated using an artificial neural network based on images of the seals processed with computer vision techniques. Because the seals are not directly visible from the bottle exterior, the images are infrared pictures obtained using a thermal camera. The method is non invasive, automated, and can be applied to common conveyor belts currently used in industrial plants. The results show that the inspection process is effective in identifying defective seals with a precision of 98.6% and a recall of 100% and because it is automated it can be scaled up to large bottle processing plants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging7020024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]],"date-time":"2021-02-03T20:31:51Z","timestamp":1612384311000},"page":"24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Real-Time Quality Control of Heat Sealed Bottles Using Thermal Images and Artificial Neural Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Samuel","family":"Cruz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic of Coimbra, Coimbra Engineering Academy, R. Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Paulino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic of Coimbra, Higher School of Technology and Management, R. General Santos Costa, 3400-124 Oliveira do Hospital, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joao","family":"Duraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic of Coimbra, Coimbra Engineering Academy, R. Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Informatics and Systems, Uiversity of Coimbra, Polo II, Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4313-7966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateus","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic of Coimbra, Coimbra Engineering Academy, R. Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Systems and Robotics, University of Coimbra, Rua Silvio Lima, Polo II, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0967033519872543","article-title":"Short-wave near infrared spectroscopy for the quality control of milk","volume":"28","author":"Asaduzzaman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Near Infrared Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-016-9756-9","article-title":"Use of near-infrared spectroscopy and multipoint measurements for quality control of pharmaceutical drug products","volume":"409","author":"Boiret","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Pontes, R., Mendes, M., Farinha, J.T., and Almeida, J. (2019, January 11\u201314). 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