{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T03:07:21Z","timestamp":1775012841614,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]],"date-time":"2023-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/04524\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04524\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/04011\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04011\/2022"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/04524\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04524\/2020"]}]},{"name":"NECE-UBI, Research Centre for Business Sciences","award":["UIDB\/04524\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04524\/2020"]}]},{"name":"NECE-UBI, Research Centre for Business Sciences","award":["UIDB\/04011\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04011\/2022"]}]},{"name":"NECE-UBI, Research Centre for Business Sciences","award":["UIDB\/04524\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04524\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The expansion of augmented reality across society, its availability in mobile platforms and the novelty character it embodies by appearing in a growing number of areas, have raised new questions related to people\u2019s predisposition to use this technology in their daily life. Acceptance models, which have been updated following technological breakthroughs and society changes, are known to be great tools for predicting the intention to use a new technological system. This paper proposes a new acceptance model aiming to ascertain the intention to use augmented reality technology in heritage sites\u2014the Augmented Reality Acceptance Model (ARAM). ARAM relies on the use of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology model (UTAUT) model\u2019s constructs, namely performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions, to which the new and adapted constructs of trust expectancy, technological innovation, computer anxiety and hedonic motivation are added. This model was validated with data gathered from 528 participants. Results confirm ARAM as a reliable tool to determine the acceptance of augmented reality technology for usage in cultural heritage sites. The direct impact of performance expectancy, facilitating conditions and hedonic motivation is validated as having a positive influence on behavioural intention. Trust expectancy and technological innovation are demonstrated to have a positive influence on performance expectancy whereas hedonic motivation is negatively influenced by effort expectancy and by computer anxiety. The research, thus, supports ARAM as a suitable model to ascertain the behavioural intention to use augmented reality in new areas of activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging9030073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]],"date-time":"2023-03-21T06:56:48Z","timestamp":1679381808000},"page":"73","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["ARAM: A Technology Acceptance Model to Ascertain the Behavioural Intention to Use Augmented Reality"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6005-288X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anabela","family":"Marto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Communication Research Centre (CIIC), School of Technology and Management (ESTG), Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5966-3218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandrino","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Communication Research Centre (CIIC), School of Technology and Management (ESTG), Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4050-3473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC TEC), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maximino","family":"Bessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0283-9462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.14257\/ijmue.2014.9.2.39","article-title":"Implementation of Augmented Reality System for Smartphone Advertisements","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Multimed. Ubiquitous Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intmar.2017.04.001","article-title":"Is Augmented Reality Technology an Effective Tool for E-commerce? An Interactivity and Vividness Perspective","volume":"39","author":"Yim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Interact. Mark."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Udayan, J.D., Kataria, G., Yadav, R., and Kothari, S. (2020, January 24\u201325). Augmented Reality in Brand Building and Marketing\u2013Valves Industry. Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Emerging Trends in Information Technology and Engineering (ic-ETITE), Vellore, India."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamasaki, M., Takeda, H., and Nishimura, T. (2008, January 22\u201324). Network analysis of massively collaborative creation of multimedia contents. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Designing Interactive User Experiences for TV and Video (UXTV \u201908), Silicon Valley, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1453805.1453838"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.12.008","article-title":"Why do people play location-based augmented reality games: A study on Pok\u00e9mon GO","volume":"93","author":"Alha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"119","article-title":"Augmented Reality: An Overview and Five Directions for AR in Education","volume":"4","author":"Yuen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Educ. Technol. Dev. Exch."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09523987.2014.889400","article-title":"Augmented Reality in Education\u2014Cases, Places and Potentials","volume":"51","author":"Bower","year":"2014","journal-title":"Educ. Media Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sural, I. (2017). Mobile Augmented Reality Applications in Education, IGI Global.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-5225-2110-5.ch010"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Paolis, L.T.D. (2017, January 26\u201328). Augmented Visualization as Surgical Support in the Treatment of Tumors. Proceedings of the International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, Granada, Spain."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10967","DOI":"10.2196\/10967","article-title":"Augmented reality in medicine: Systematic and bibliographic review","volume":"7","author":"Eckert","year":"2019","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advengsoft.2015.06.005","article-title":"Measuring the Potential of Augmented Reality in Civil Engineering","volume":"90","author":"Turk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Softw."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2017.11.003","article-title":"A critical review of virtual and augmented reality (VR\/AR) applications in construction safety","volume":"86","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2005.124","article-title":"Augmented Reality Projects in Automotive and Aerospace Industry","volume":"25","author":"Baratoff","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Bode, M. (2019). Evaluation of an Augmented Reality Assisted Manufacturing System for Assembly Guidance. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Twente]."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLI-B5-931-2016","article-title":"3D Survey and Augmented Reality for Cultural Heritage. The Case Study of Aurelian Wall at Castra Praetoria in Rome","volume":"41","author":"Canciani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fidas, C., Sintoris, C., Yiannoutsou, N., and Avouris, N. (2015, January 6\u20138). A Survey on Tools for End User Authoring of Mobile Applications for Cultural Heritage. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Information, Intelligence, Systems and Applications (IISA), Corfu, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/IISA.2015.7388029"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Han, D., Jung, T., and Gibson, A. (2014, January 21\u201324). Dublin AR: Implementing Augmented Reality (AR) in Tourism. Proceedings of the Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism, Dublin, Ireland."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marto, A., Gon\u00e7alves, A., Martins, J., and Bessa, M. (2019, January 25\u201327). Applying UTAUT Model for an Acceptance Study Alluding the Use of Augmented Reality in Archaeological Sites. Proceedings of the 14th International Joint Conference on Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications (VISIGRAPP 2019), Prague, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.5220\/0007364101110120"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Ajzen, I., and Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behaviour, Prentice-Hall."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1086\/209170","article-title":"The Theory of Reasoned Action: A Meta-Analysis of Past Research with Recommendations for Modifications and Future Research","volume":"15","author":"Sheppard","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Consum. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.2307\/30036540","article-title":"User Acceptance of Information Technology: Toward a Unified View","volume":"27","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2003","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Mehrabian, A., and Russell, J.A. (1974). An Approach to Environmental Psychology, The MIT Press."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-014-9219-4","article-title":"Pleasure, Arousal, Dominance: Mehrabian and Russell Revisited","volume":"33","author":"Bakker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3727\/109830506778690849","article-title":"Identifying Significant Factors Influencing Consumer Trust in an Online Travel Site","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inf. Technol. Tour."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2010.01.011","article-title":"The Effect of Perceived Trust on Electronic Commerce: Shopping Online for Tourism Products and Services in South Korea","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1997.6.4.355","article-title":"A survey of augmented reality","volume":"6","author":"Azuma","year":"1997","journal-title":"Presence Teleoper. Virtual Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2016.11.002","article-title":"Advantages and challenges associated with augmented reality for education: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"20","year":"2017","journal-title":"Educ. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4174","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-016-4800-6","article-title":"Systematic review on the effectiveness of augmented reality applications in medical training","volume":"30","author":"Barsom","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marto, A., Gon\u00e7alves, A., and Almeida, H. (2019). Using Augmented Reality in Patients with Autism: A Systematic Review, Springer. Lecture Notes in Computational Vision and Biomechanics.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-32040-9_46"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2017.06.002","article-title":"A systematic review of augmented reality applications in maintenance","volume":"49","author":"Palmarini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Robot. Comput.-Integr. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"7","article-title":"A Survey of Augmented, Virtual, and Mixed Reality for Cultural Heritage","volume":"11","author":"Bekele","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACM J. Comput. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2018.00037","article-title":"A systematic review of 10 years of augmented reality usability studies: 2005 to 2014","volume":"5","author":"Dey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Robot. AI"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1561\/1100000049","article-title":"A Survey of Augmented Reality","volume":"8","author":"Billinghurst","year":"2015","journal-title":"Found. Trends Hum.-Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milgram, P., Takemura, H., Utsumi, A., and Kishino, F. (1994). Augmented Reality: A Class of Displays on the Reality-Virtuality Continuum, SPIE.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.197321"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Davis, F.D. (1986). A Technology Acceptance Model for Empirically Testing New End-User Systems: Theory and Results. [Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.46.2.186.11926","article-title":"A Theoretical Extension of the Technology Acceptance Model: Four Longitudinal Field Studies","volume":"46","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5915.2008.00192.x","article-title":"Technology Acceptance Model 3 and a Research Agenda on Interventions","volume":"39","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Decis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.3.1.60","article-title":"Information Systems Success: The Quest for the Dependent Variable","volume":"3","author":"DeLone","year":"1992","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.2003.11045748","article-title":"The DeLone and McLean Model of Information Systems Success","volume":"19","author":"Delone","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Manag. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.2307\/249689","article-title":"Task-Technology Fit and Individual Performance","volume":"19","author":"Goodhue","year":"1995","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.41.12.1827","article-title":"Understanding User Evaluations of Information Systems","volume":"41","author":"Goodhue","year":"1995","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.2307\/41410412","article-title":"Consumer Acceptance and Use of Information Technology: Extending the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology","volume":"36","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2012","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2016.05.237","article-title":"Acceptance of Automated Road Transport Systems (ARTS): An Adaptation of the UTAUT Model","volume":"14","author":"Madigan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, C.W., Ho, J.T., Kuo, T.C., and Luong, T.H. (2017, January 3\u20137). Behavioral Intention of Using Virtual Reality in Learning. Proceedings of the International World Wide Web Conference Committee, Creative Commons CC, Perth, Australia.","DOI":"10.1145\/3041021.3054152"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"221","article-title":"Examining the Impact of Training in the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology","volume":"58","author":"Harris","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Comput. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alqahtani, H., and Kavakli, M. (2017, January 18\u201320). A Theoretical Model to Measure User\u2019s behavioural intention to Use iMAP-CampUS App. Proceedings of the 12th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), Siem Reap, Cambodia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIEA.2017.8282928"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1080\/13683500.2015.1070801","article-title":"A theoretical model of mobile augmented reality acceptance in urban heritage tourism","volume":"21","author":"Jung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Tour."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1","article-title":"Task-Technology Fit and Technology Acceptance Models Applicability to e-Tourism","volume":"2","author":"Usoro","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Econ. Dev. Manag. IT Financ. Mark."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2014.01.017","article-title":"Online purchasing tickets for low cost carriers: An application of the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) model","volume":"43","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tour. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ib\u00e1 nez, M.B., Serio, \u00c1.D., Villar\u00e1n, D., and Delgado-Kloos, C. (2016, January 25\u201328). The Acceptance of Learning Augmented Reality Environments: A Case Study. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT), Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICALT.2016.124"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"030003","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4980928","article-title":"Mobile augmented reality applications for heritage preservation in UNESCO world heritage sites through adopting the UTAUT model","volume":"1830","author":"Shang","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haugstvedt, A.C., and Krogstie, J. (2012, January 5\u20138). Mobile Augmented Reality for Cultural Heritage: A Technology Acceptance Study. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR), Atlanta, GA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR.2012.6402563"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s10660-014-9163-2","article-title":"A model of Acceptance of Augmented-Reality Interactive Technology: The Moderating Role of Cognitive Innovativeness","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electron. Commer. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2015.02.013","article-title":"The Determinants of Recommendations to Use Augmented Reality Technologies: The Case of a Korean Theme Park","volume":"49","author":"Jung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.02.068","article-title":"Tourists\u2019 Intention to Visit a Destination: The Role of Augmented Reality (AR) Application for a Heritage Site","volume":"50","author":"Chung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2014.08.009","article-title":"Tourists Responses to Mobile Augmented Reality Travel Guides: The Role of Emotions on Adoption Behavior","volume":"18","author":"Kourouthanassis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pervasive Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163022","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2953003","article-title":"Mobile Five Senses Augmented Reality System: Technology Acceptance Study","volume":"7","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"617","article-title":"Taking \u201cfun and games\u201d seriously: Proposing the hedonic-motivation system adoption model (HMSAM)","volume":"14","author":"Lowry","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Marto, A. (2023, March 15). Augmented Reality Applied to Archaeological Sites?. Available online: https:\/\/youtu.be\/u9i10xmwEaU."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.2307\/25148690","article-title":"Model of adoption of technology in households: A baseline model test and extension incorporating household life cycle","volume":"29","author":"Brown","year":"2005","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Ringle, C.M., Wende, S., and Becker, J.M. (2015). SmartPLS 3, SmartPLS GmbH."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1108\/EBR-10-2013-0128","article-title":"Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) An emerging tool in business research","volume":"26","author":"Hair","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Bus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1007\/s11165-016-9602-2","article-title":"The use of Cronbach\u2019s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education","volume":"48","author":"Taber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Sci. Educ."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1080\/10580530.2017.1254446","article-title":"The Enriched UTAUT Model for the Acceptance of Software Engineering Tools in Academic Education","volume":"34","author":"Wrycza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Manag."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.24985\/ijass.2017.29.2.115","article-title":"Motivation Factors Influencing Intention of Mobile Sports Apps Use by Applying the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology ( UTAUT )","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Sport. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iskandar, Y.H.P., and Sia, P.Y.H. (2020). Mobile Travel Apps and Generation Y in Malaysia: An Empirical Evidence to Understanding the Factors Influencing the Intention to Use, IGI Global.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-7998-0050-7.ch010"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2013.872187","article-title":"Predicting the Use of Online Information Services Based on a Modified UTAUT Model","volume":"33","author":"Oh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e177","DOI":"10.2196\/mhealth.7886","article-title":"Patients\u2019 Acceptance of Smartphone Health Technology for Chronic Disease Management: A Theoretical Model and Empirical Test","volume":"5","author":"Dou","year":"2017","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.2190\/7CHY-5CM0-4D00-6JCG","article-title":"Development of a Standardized Test of Computer Literacy and a Computer Anxiety Index","volume":"3","author":"Simonson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Educ. Comput. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2004.09.009","article-title":"Adding Contextual Specificity to the Technology Acceptance Model","volume":"22","author":"McFarland","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0747-5632(87)90010-0","article-title":"Assessing Computer Anxiety: Development and Validation of the Computer Anxiety Rating Scale","volume":"3","author":"Heinssen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.11.4.342.11872","article-title":"Determinants of Perceived Ease of Use: Integrating Control, Intrinsic Motivation, and Emotion into the Technology Acceptance Model","volume":"11","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"33","article-title":"Personal Attributes Contributing to Computer Anxiety and Computer Self-efficacy among Distance Learners","volume":"39","author":"Sultan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2015.01.422","article-title":"Computer Usage: The Impact of Computer Anxiety and Computer Self-efficacy","volume":"172","author":"Achim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia-Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.2307\/249688","article-title":"Computer self-efficacy: Development of a measure and initial test","volume":"19","author":"Compeau","year":"1995","journal-title":"MIS Q. Manag. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2017.1411519","article-title":"How does immersion work in augmented reality games? A user-centric view of immersion and engagement","volume":"22","author":"Shin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inf. Commun. Soc."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"328","article-title":"Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology: A Synthesis and the Road Ahead","volume":"17","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.9.2.204","article-title":"A Conceptual and Operational Definition of Personal Innovativeness in the Domain o f Information Technology","volume":"9","author":"Agarwal","year":"1998","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444807075015","article-title":"The role of site features, user attributes, and information verification behaviors on the perceived credibility of web-based information","volume":"9","author":"Flanagin","year":"2007","journal-title":"New Media Soc."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Tang, A., Biocca, F., and Lim, L. (2004). Presence Teleoperators & Virtual Environments, MIT Press."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Hair, J.F., Babin, B.J., and Anderson, R.E. (2010). A Global Perspectivie, Kennesaw State University."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124183011003003","article-title":"The analysis of covariance structures: Goodness-of-fit indices","volume":"11","author":"Hoelter","year":"1983","journal-title":"Sociol. Methods Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-011-0278-x","article-title":"Specification, evaluation, and interpretation of structural equation models","volume":"40","author":"Bagozzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Acad. Mark. Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1977.tb00597.x","article-title":"Scales for the measurement of innovativeness","volume":"4","author":"Hurt","year":"1977","journal-title":"Hum. Commun. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.09.001","article-title":"Computer Anxiety and Attitudes Towards the Computer and the Internet with Romanian High-School and University Students","volume":"55","author":"Cazan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"378","article-title":"Measuring Technology Acceptance Level of Teachers by Using Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology","volume":"5","author":"Akay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Lang. Educ. Teach."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1108\/IntR-05-2016-0117","article-title":"Understanding mobile banking individual performance: The DeLone & McLean model and the moderating effects of individual culture","volume":"27","author":"Tam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1509\/jim.14.0065","article-title":"Acceptance Model Under Different Cultural Contexts: The Case of Online Shopping Adoption","volume":"22","author":"Ashraf","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Int. Mark."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12169","article-title":"A Cross-cultural Examination of the Impact of Social, Organisational and Individual Factors on Educational Technology Acceptance Between British and Lebanese University Students","volume":"46","author":"Tarhini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Technol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/9\/3\/73\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:59:39Z","timestamp":1760122779000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/9\/3\/73"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jimaging9030073"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jimaging9030073","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-433X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2313-433X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]]}}}