{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:40:21Z","timestamp":1760060421900,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]],"date-time":"2025-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"MICIU\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2022-136353NB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-136353NB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Intell."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Contemporary society demands the development of creative critical thinking (CCT) as a fundamental objective in science education. However, there appears to be a dissonance between this recognised need and its actual implementation in educational practices. This study explores the potential of modelling practices to intentionally, explicitly, and reflectively integrate the development of CCT in educational settings. To examine this possibility while laying the foundations for future research, the theoretical frameworks of CCT and modelling are synthesised, and their possible points of convergence are analysed in order to test the proposed hypothesis. Two elements that may strengthen their synergy are identified: first, the resources for modelling, such as analogies, which activate analytical, evaluative, creative, and argumentative skills, thereby fostering critical dispositions and a deeper understanding of the nature of science. Second, argumentation, closely connected with communication and information management, is considered a relevant component, especially when addressing socioscientific issues. While further empirical research is needed, the analysis indicates that modelling practices could contribute to the development of CCT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence13090111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T08:28:15Z","timestamp":1756715295000},"page":"111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Creative and Critical Thinking and Modelling: Confluences and Implications for Science Teaching"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2114-9918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"G\u00f3miz-Arag\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science Education, University of C\u00e1diz, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5997-389X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda del Mar","family":"Arag\u00f3n-M\u00e9ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science Education, University of C\u00e1diz, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0610-6896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui Marques","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education and Psychology, Research Centre on Didactics and Technology in the Education of Trainers, University of Aveiro, 3810-198 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Celina","family":"Tenreiro-Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education and Psychology, Research Centre on Didactics and Technology in the Education of Trainers, University of Aveiro, 3810-198 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2686-6131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda","family":"Oliva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science Education, University of C\u00e1diz, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"188","article-title":"El papel de las analog\u00edas en la creatividad de los cient\u00edficos: La teor\u00eda del campo electromagn\u00e9tico de Maxwell como caso paradigm\u00e1tico de la historia de las ciencias [The role of analogies in the creativity of scientists: Maxwell\u2019s electromagnetic field theory as a paradigmatic case in the history of science]","volume":"1","year":"2004","journal-title":"Revista Eureka sobre Ense\u00f1anza y Divulgaci\u00f3n de las Ciencias"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.25267\/Rev_Eureka_ensen_divulg_cienc.2016.v13.i1.02","article-title":"\u00abAlgo antiguo, algo nuevo, algo prestado\u00bb: Tendencias sobre la naturaleza de la ciencia en la educaci\u00f3n cient\u00edfica [\u201cSomething old, something new, something borrowed\u201d: Trends on the nature of science in science education]","volume":"13","year":"2016","journal-title":"Revista Eureka sobre Ense\u00f1anza y Divulgaci\u00f3n de las Ciencias"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Acevedo-D\u00edaz, Jos\u00e9 Antonio, and Garc\u00eda-Carmona, Antonio (2017). Controversies in the History of Science and Scientific Culture [in Spanish], Los Libros de la Catarata\/Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture. Available online: https:\/\/oei.int\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/controversias.pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.25267\/Rev_Eureka_ensen_divulg_cienc.2005.v2.i2.01","article-title":"Naturaleza de la ciencia y educaci\u00f3n cient\u00edfica para la participaci\u00f3n ciudadana: Una revisi\u00f3n cr\u00edtica [Nature of science and science education for citizen participation: A critical review]","volume":"2","author":"Oliva","year":"2005","journal-title":"Revista Eureka sobre Ense\u00f1anza y Divulgaci\u00f3n de las Ciencias"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"65","article-title":"Modelizar la expresi\u00f3n de los genes para el aprendizaje de enfermedades gen\u00e9ticas en secundaria [Modelling gene expression for learning about genetic diseases in secondary education]","volume":"18","author":"Blanca","year":"2016","journal-title":"Revista Ensaio Pesquisa em Educa\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016042608621","article-title":"Critical thinking and science education","volume":"11","author":"Bailin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science and Education"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s11191-010-9304-5","article-title":"Argumentation in science education: A model-based framework","volume":"20","author":"Boettcher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science and Education"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00022.2010","article-title":"Analogies in science and science teaching","volume":"34","author":"Brown","year":"2010","journal-title":"Advances in Physiology Education"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-731320150030014","article-title":"Contribui\u00e7\u00f5es dos objetos de aprendizagem para ensejar o desenvolvimento do pensamento cr\u00edtico nos estudantes nas aulas de F\u00edsica [Contributions of learning objects give to rise the development of critical thinking in students in Physics classes]","volume":"21","author":"Bulegon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ci\u00eancia and Educa\u00e7\u00e3o (Bauru)"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warden, Powell (2021). Socio-scientific issues and model-based learning. Socioscientific Issues-Based Instruction for Scientific Literacy Development, IGI Global.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-7998-4558-4"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Baron, Jonathan B., and Sternberg, Robert J. (1987). A taxonomy of critical thinking dispositions and abilities. Teaching Thinking Skills: Theory and Practice, W H Freeman\/Times Books\/Henry Holt & Co."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Ennis, Robert Hugh (1996). Critical Thinking, Prentice Hall."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s42330-020-00076-9","article-title":"Modelling and argumentation with elementary school students","volume":"20","author":"Evagorou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology Education"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"554","article-title":"Metacognition as a target of science communication","volume":"4","author":"Fischer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Psychology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2024.06.005","article-title":"Why metacognition matters in politically contested domains","volume":"28","author":"Fischer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"669","article-title":"Creativity as Key Trigger to Cognitive Achievement: Effects of Digital and Analog Learning Interventions","volume":"55","author":"Paul","year":"2024","journal-title":"Research in Science Education"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franco-Mariscal, Antonio J. (2024). The ENCIC-CT model for the development of critical thinking. Critical thinking in Science Education and Teacher Training, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-78578-8"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"227","article-title":"Scientific thinking and critical thinking in science education: Two distinct but symbiotically related intellectual processes","volume":"34","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science and Education"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s10763-004-3186-4","article-title":"Models and modelling: Routes to more authentic science education","volume":"2","author":"Gilbert","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Gilbert, John Kenward, and Boulter, Carolyn (2012). Developing Models in Science Education, Springer Science and Business Media."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilbert, John Kenward, and Justi, Rosaria (2016). Modelling-Based Teaching in Science Education, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-29039-3"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Glynn, Shawn M., Yearny, Robert H., and Britton, Bruce K. (1991). Explaining science concepts: A teaching-with-analogies model. The Psychology of Learning Science, Lawrence Erlbaum."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guamanga, Miguel Hernando, Saiz, Carlos, Rivas, Silvia Fern\u00e1ndez, and Bueno, Patricia Morales (2025). Critical Thinking and Metacognition: Pathways to Empathy and Psychological Well-Being. Journal of Intelligence, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence13030034"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Haidt, Jonathan (2012). The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helm, Bennett W. (2001). Emotional Reason: Deliberation, Motivation, and the Nature of Value, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511520044"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ense\u00f1ando a pensar cr\u00edticamente mediante la analog\u00eda. [Teaching critical thinking through analogy]","volume":"19","author":"Rico","year":"2024","journal-title":"L\u00edmite"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/03057640220147577","article-title":"The Place of Analogies in Science Education","volume":"32","author":"Heywood","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cambridge Journal of Education"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hodson, Derek (2008). Towards Scientific Literacy: A Teachers\u2019 Guide to the History, Philosophy and Sociology of Science, Brill.","DOI":"10.1163\/9789087905071"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, Shuang, and Ren, Shanzhang (2025). The significance of science content knowledge for socioscientific reasoning competency: Evidence from SSI instruction on environmental topics based on the SIMBL model. Science and Education, 1\u201323.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11191-025-00645-0"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Fraser, Barry J., Tobin, Kenneth, and McRobbie, Campbell J. (2011). Argumentation, evidence evaluation and critical thinking. Second International Handbook of Science Education, Springer."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puig, B., and Jim\u00e9nez-Aleixandre, M. P. (2022). Educating critical citizens to face post-truth: The time is now. Critical Thinking in Biology and Environmental Education, Contributions from Biology Education Research, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-92006-7"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s10503-015-9356-4","article-title":"A meta-level approach to the problem of defining \u2018critical thinking\u2019","volume":"29","author":"Johnson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Argumentation"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"173","article-title":"La ense\u00f1anza de ciencias basada en la elaboraci\u00f3n de modelos [Modelling-based Science Teaching]","volume":"24","author":"Justi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ense\u00f1anza de las Ciencias"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1590\/1983-2117201517s03","article-title":"Rela\u00e7\u00f5es entre argumenta\u00e7\u00e3o e modelagem no contexto da ci\u00eancia e do ensino de ciencias [Relationships between argumentation and modelling in the context of science and science education]","volume":"17","author":"Justi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ensaio Pesquisa em Educa\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias (Belo Horizonte)"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1080\/09500690110110142","article-title":"Modelling, teachers\u2019 views on the nature of modelling, and implications for the education of modellers","volume":"24","author":"Justi","year":"2002","journal-title":"International Journal of Science Education"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1002\/bmb.21843","article-title":"Constructing analogies: Developing critical thinking through a collaborative task","volume":"52","author":"Kapetanakis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1080\/09500693.2020.1759843","article-title":"Students\u2019 perceptions of socio-scientific issue-based learning and their appropriation of epistemic tools for systems thinking","volume":"42","author":"Ke","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Science Education"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1080\/09500690010016102","article-title":"\u2018To trust or not to trust, \u2026\u2019-pupils\u2019 ways of judging information encountered in a socio-scientific issue","volume":"23","year":"2001","journal-title":"International Journal of Science Education"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1080\/00219266.2015.1028570","article-title":"Testing Models: A Key Aspect to Promote Teaching Activities Related to Models and Modelling in Biology Lessons?","volume":"50","author":"Krell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Education"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.2021.1988603","article-title":"Metacognition matters in many ways","volume":"57","author":"Kuhn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Educational Psychologist"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lipman, Matthew (2003). Thinking in Education, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511840272"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"de las Heras P\u00e9rez, Mar\u00eda. A. (2014). Una revisi\u00f3n sobre el uso de contextos en la ense\u00f1anza de las ciencias y su potencial para el desarrollo de la competencia cient\u00edfica [A review of the use of contexts in science education and their potential for developing scientific competence]. Investigaci\u00f3n y Transferencia para una Educaci\u00f3n en Ciencias: Un reto Emocionante, Universidad de Huelva."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Martins, Marina (2020). An\u00e1lise das Rela\u00e7\u00f5es Entre Argumenta\u00e7\u00e3o e Modelagem em Contextos de Ensino de Ci\u00eancias [Analysis of the Relationships between Argumentation and Modelling in Science Teaching Contexts], II Encontro de Ensino de Ci\u00eancias por Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Available online: https:\/\/www.even3.com.br\/eneci2020-39922\/."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"45","article-title":"\u00c9tudier les repr\u00e9sentations de la cr\u00e9ativit\u00e9 du scientifique dans la pratique de mod\u00e9lisation: Premiers jalons et r\u00e9sultats exploratoires aupr\u00e8s d\u2019\u00e9tudiants en CPGEI [Studying representations of the scientist\u2019s creativity in modelling practice: First steps and exploratory results with students in the CPGEI]","volume":"29","author":"Maurines","year":"2024","journal-title":"Recherches en Didactique des Sciences et des Technologies"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.22600\/1518-8795.ienci2018v23n1p155","article-title":"Modelagem anal\u00f3gica no ensino de ci\u00eancias [Analogical modelling in science education]","volume":"23","author":"Mozzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Investiga\u00e7\u00f5es em Ensino de Ci\u00eancias"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carruthers, Peter, Stich, Stephen, and Siegal, Michael (2002). The cognitive basis of model-based reasoning in science. The Cognitive Basis of Science, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511613517"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"En Meheus, Jean P., and Nickles, Thomas (2009). Conceptual change: Creativity, cognition, and culture. Models of Discovery and Creativity, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-3421-2"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2014.10.001","article-title":"Assessment of the modelling competence: A systematic review and synthesis of empirical research","volume":"13","author":"Nicolaou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Educational Research Review"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"e3439","article-title":"Creatividad y razonamiento mediante analog\u00edas: Una revisi\u00f3n sistem\u00e1tica [Creativity and reasoning through analogies: A systematic review]","volume":"21","year":"2021","journal-title":"Perspectivas Metodol\u00f3gicas"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"363","article-title":"El pensamiento anal\u00f3gico desde la investigaci\u00f3n educativa y desde la perspectiva del profesor de ciencias [Analogical thinking from educational research and the perspective of the science teacher]","volume":"3","author":"Oliva","year":"2004","journal-title":"Revista Electr\u00f3nica de Ense\u00f1anza de las Ciencias"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.5565\/rev\/ensciencias.2648","article-title":"Distintas acepciones para la idea de modelizaci\u00f3n en la ense\u00f1anza de las ciencias [Different meanings of modelling in science education]","volume":"37","author":"Oliva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ense\u00f1anza de Las Ciencias. Revista de Investigaci\u00f3n y Experiencias Did\u00e1cticas"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"56","article-title":"Pensamiento anal\u00f3gico y movimiento de proyectiles. Perspectiva hist\u00f3rica e implicaciones para la ense\u00f1anza [Analogical thinking and projectile motion: Historical perspective and implications for teaching]","volume":"18","author":"Oliva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Revista Espa\u00f1ola de F\u00edsica"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1080\/09500693.2011.577842","article-title":"Exploring Opportunities for Argumentation in Modelling Classrooms","volume":"34","author":"Passmore","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Science Education"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Paul, Richard, and Elder, Linda (2001). The Miniature Guide to Critical Thinking: Concepts and Tools, Foundation for Critical Thinking."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"34","article-title":"Critical thinking: The nature of critical and creative thought","volume":"30","author":"Paul","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Developmental Education"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"547","article-title":"Concepciones iniciales de pensamiento cr\u00edtico y creativo del profesorado de ciencias","volume":"26","author":"Junyent","year":"2022","journal-title":"Profesorado, Revista de Curr\u00edculum y Formaci\u00f3n del Profesorado"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"2102","article-title":"An\u00e1lisis de la agencia epist\u00e9mica de los estudiantes en un contexto argumentativo [Analysis of students\u2019 epistemic agency in an argumentative context]","volume":"18","author":"Ramos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Revista Eureka sobre Ense\u00f1anza y Divulgaci\u00f3n de las Ciencias"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1002\/tea.20009","article-title":"Informal reasoning regarding socioscientific issues: A critical review of research","volume":"41","author":"Sadler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Science Teaching"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Sadler, Troy D., Chambers, Fred W., and Zeidler, Dana L. (, January April). Investigating the Crossroads of Socioscientific Issues, the Nature of Science, and Critical Thinking. Paper presented at Annual Meeting of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching, New Orleans, LA, USA."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saiz, Carlos, and Rivas, Silvia F. (2023). Critical Thinking, Formation, and Change. Journal of Intelligence, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence11120219"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"160","article-title":"The role of critical thinking in science education","volume":"8","author":"Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Education and Practice"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1002\/tea.20311","article-title":"Developing a learning progression for scientific modelling: Making scientific modelling accessible and meaningful for learners","volume":"46","author":"Schwarz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Science Teaching"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Scriven, Michael, and Paul, Richard (2025, July 18). Defining Critical Thinking. Available online: https:\/\/www.criticalthinking.org\/aboutCT\/define_critical_thinking.cfm."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.13189\/ujer.2020.081807","article-title":"Analogy and critical thinking skills: Implementation learning strategy in biodiversity and environment topic","volume":"8","author":"Suryanda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Universal Journal of Educational Research"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"141","article-title":"Pensamento cr\u00edtico e criativo para uma educa\u00e7\u00e3o ci\u00eancia-tecnologia-sociedade [Critical and creative thinking for science-technology-society education]","volume":"17","author":"Vieira","year":"2022","journal-title":"CTS: Revista Iberoamericana de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda y Sociedad"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"159","article-title":"La analog\u00eda provocativa como estrategia pedag\u00f3gica: El caso hist\u00f3rico de la mec\u00e1nica de fluidos [Provocative analogy as a pedagogical strategy: The historical case of fluid mechanics]","volume":"33","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ense\u00f1anza de las Ciencias"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"V\u00e1zquez-Alonso, \u00c1ngel, and Manassero-Mas, Mar\u00eda Antonia (2018a). Una taxonom\u00eda de las destrezas de pensamiento: Una herramienta clave para la alfabetizaci\u00f3n cient\u00edfica [A taxonomy of thinking skills: A key tool for scientific literacy]. VIII Congreso Internacional sobre Formaci\u00f3n de Profesores de Ciencias, Universidad de las Islas Baleares."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"309","article-title":"M\u00e1s all\u00e1 de la comprensi\u00f3n cient\u00edfica: Educaci\u00f3n cient\u00edfica para desarrollar el pensamiento [Beyond scientific understanding: Science education to develop thinking]","volume":"17","year":"2018b","journal-title":"Revista Electr\u00f3nica de Ense\u00f1anza de las Ciencias"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"1302","article-title":"Una propuesta para el dise\u00f1o de actividades que desarrollen el pensamiento cr\u00edtico en el aula de ciencias [A proposal for designing activities that develop critical thinking in the science classroom]","volume":"20","author":"Prat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Revista Eureka Sobre Ense\u00f1anza y Divulgaci\u00f3n de las Ciencias"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1002\/tea.10084","article-title":"Social interaction and the use of analogy: An analysis of preservice teachers\u2019 talk during physics inquiry lessons","volume":"40","author":"Yerrick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Science Teaching: The Official Journal of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching"}],"container-title":["Journal of Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-3200\/13\/9\/111\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:36:46Z","timestamp":1760035006000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-3200\/13\/9\/111"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jintelligence13090111"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jintelligence13090111","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-3200"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2079-3200"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]]}}}