{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:05:02Z","timestamp":1760144702593,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FAPESP agency","award":["2019\/05248-7","402752\/2023-6","CNPq 305858\/2023-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/05248-7","402752\/2023-6","CNPq 305858\/2023-8"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["2019\/05248-7","402752\/2023-6","CNPq 305858\/2023-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/05248-7","402752\/2023-6","CNPq 305858\/2023-8"]}]},{"name":"PQ scholarship","award":["2019\/05248-7","402752\/2023-6","CNPq 305858\/2023-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/05248-7","402752\/2023-6","CNPq 305858\/2023-8"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JLPEA"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Deep-brain stimulation (DBS) is a highly effective and safe medical treatment that improves the lives of patients with a wide range of neurological and psychiatric diseases. It has been established as a first-line tool in the treatment of these conditions for the past two decades. Closed-loop deep-brain stimulation (CLDBS) advances this tool further by automatically adjusting the stimulation parameters in real time based on the brain\u2019s response. In this context, this paper presents a low-noise amplifier (LNA) and a neurostimulator circuit fabricated using the low-power\/low-voltage 65 nm CMOS process from TSMC. The circuits are specifically designed for implantable applications. To achieve the best tradeoff between input-referred noise and power consumption, metaheuristic algorithms were employed to determine and optimize the dimensions of the LNA devices during the design phase. Measurement results showed that the LNA had a gain of 41.2 dB; a 3 dB bandwidth spanning over three decades, from 1.5 Hz to 11.5 kHz; a power consumption of 5.9 \u00b5W; and an input-referred noise of 3.45 \u00b5VRMS, from 200 Hz to 11.5 kHz. The neurostimulator circuit is a programmable Howland current pump. Measurements have shown its capability to generate currents with arbitrary shapes and ranging from \u2212325 \u00b5A to +318 \u00b5A. Simulations indicated a quiescent power consumption of 0.13 \u00b5W, with zero neurostimulation current. Both the LNA and the neurostimulator circuits are supplied with a 1.2 V voltage and occupy a microdevice area of 145 \u00b5m \u00d7 311 \u00b5m and 88 \u00b5m \u00d7 89 \u00b5m, respectively, making them suitable for implantation in applications involving closed-loop deep-brain stimulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jlpea14020028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T04:26:29Z","timestamp":1715919989000},"page":"28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Microdevice in a Submicron CMOS for Closed-Loop Deep-Brain Stimulation (CLDBS)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7185-2524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago Matheus","family":"Nordi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Metamaterials Microwaves and Optics (GMeta), Department of Electrical Engineering (SEL), University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), Avenida Trabalhador S\u00e3o-Carlense, Nr. 400, Parque Industrial Arnold Schimidt, S\u00e3o Carlos 13566-590, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3620-0533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Gounella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Metamaterials Microwaves and Optics (GMeta), Department of Electrical Engineering (SEL), University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), Avenida Trabalhador S\u00e3o-Carlense, Nr. 400, Parque Industrial Arnold Schimidt, S\u00e3o Carlos 13566-590, SP, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Marcio L. M.","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Metamaterials Microwaves and Optics (GMeta), Department of Electrical Engineering (SEL), University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), Avenida Trabalhador S\u00e3o-Carlense, Nr. 400, Parque Industrial Arnold Schimidt, S\u00e3o Carlos 13566-590, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7419-2154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximiliam","family":"Luppe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Metamaterials Microwaves and Optics (GMeta), Department of Electrical Engineering (SEL), University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), Avenida Trabalhador S\u00e3o-Carlense, Nr. 400, Parque Industrial Arnold Schimidt, S\u00e3o Carlos 13566-590, SP, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Navarro Soares","family":"Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Metamaterials Microwaves and Optics (GMeta), Department of Electrical Engineering (SEL), University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), Avenida Trabalhador S\u00e3o-Carlense, Nr. 400, Parque Industrial Arnold Schimidt, S\u00e3o Carlos 13566-590, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9195-1239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joao L.","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ALGORITMI Research Centre\/LASI, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6640-8955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ALGORITMI Research Centre\/LASI, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6275-9467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose A.","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMEMS-UMinho, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2013Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Erich","family":"Talamoni Fonoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, Nr. 455, Cerqueira C\u00e9sar, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Colombari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pathology, Faculty of Odonthology, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Humait\u00e1, Nr. 1680, Araraquara 14801-385, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7955-7503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo","family":"Carmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Metamaterials Microwaves and Optics (GMeta), Department of Electrical Engineering (SEL), University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), Avenida Trabalhador S\u00e3o-Carlense, Nr. 400, Parque Industrial Arnold Schimidt, S\u00e3o Carlos 13566-590, SP, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21551","article-title":"Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric adverse events associated with deep brain stimulation: A meta-analysis of ten years\u2019 experience","volume":"22","author":"Appleby","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov. 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