{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T06:41:16Z","timestamp":1772779276305,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMMP"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The applicability of two different joining processes for producing lap joints from high-strength steel sheets is investigated, reflecting their increasing use in advanced lightweight structures with demanding performance requirements. The work is primarily focused on the joining-by-forming process known as double-flush riveting, evaluated in two variants: one utilizing forged holes and the other employing machined holes. The performance of these two variants is compared with conventional fusion-based resistance spot welding using lap joints fabricated from 2 mm high-strength low-alloy S500MC steel sheets under varying geometric and process conditions, with support from finite element modelling. Results indicate that both double-flush riveting variants produce similar joint cross-sectional geometries, but the machined hole variant simplifies sheet preparation and eliminates the need for a progressive tooling system. Tensile lap-shear and peel test results reveal that double-flush riveted joints with forged holes exhibit superior strength, attributed to strain hardening in the forged regions. Furthermore, for nuggets and rivets of equivalent size, both double-flush riveting variants surpass resistance spot welding in terms of the mechanical strength of the final joints. These results suggest that double-flush riveting represents a promising alternative for assembling high-strength steel sheets in lightweight structural applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jmmp10030091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T14:19:21Z","timestamp":1772720361000},"page":"91","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Joinability and Performance of Double-Flush Riveted and Resistance-Welded Lap Joints in High-Strength Steel Sheets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4067-0389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui F. V.","family":"Sampaio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3599-7053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o P. M.","family":"Pragana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5409-619X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivo M. F.","family":"Bragan\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, R. Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"CIMOSM, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, R. Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3837-5185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos M. A.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2630-4593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo A. F.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S1644-9665(12)60197-6","article-title":"Advanced High Strength Steels for Automotive Industry","volume":"8","author":"Kuziak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Civ. Mech. 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