{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T09:16:30Z","timestamp":1774257390808,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]],"date-time":"2019-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-029713"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-029713"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-022083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-022083"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/120779\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/120779\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CENTRO-01-0247-FEDER-024039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-01-0247-FEDER-024039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMMP"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Additive Manufacturing (AM) is the forefront of advanced manufacturing technologies and has the potential to revolutionize manufacturing, with a dramatic change in the design and project paradigms. A comprehensive review of existent metal AM processes, processable materials, respective defects and inspection methods (destructive and non-destructive) is presented in a succinct manner. Particularly, the AM design optimization methodologies are reviewed and their threats and constraints discussed. Finally, an aerospace industry case study is presented and several cost-effective examples are enumerated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jmmp3030052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]],"date-time":"2019-06-26T07:27:17Z","timestamp":1561534037000},"page":"52","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Metal Additive Manufacturing Cycle in Aerospace Industry: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7486-9209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B.","family":"Barroqueiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Mechanical Technology &amp; Automation, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Active Space Technologies, Actividades Aeroespaciais S.A., Parque Industrial de Taveiro, Lote12, 3045-508 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3988-5606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Andrade-Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Mechanical Technology &amp; Automation, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"R. A. F.","family":"Valente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Mechanical Technology &amp; Automation, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1198-4220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V.","family":"Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Mechanical Technology &amp; Automation, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Hertenberger, S. (2017, November 18). Market Report ID: 44670015\/Global. Available online: www.maschinenmarkt.international\/english\/global\/articles\/604851\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dutta, B., and Froes, F.H. (2016). Additive Manufacturing of Titanium Alloys, Butterworth-Heinemann.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804782-8.00001-X"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-015-1042-8","article-title":"Advanced manufacturing systems: Socialization characteristics and trends","volume":"28","author":"Tao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Intell. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ustundag, A., and Cevikcan, E. (2018). Industry 4.0: Managing The Digital Transformation, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-57870-5"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/latj.201290018","article-title":"Selective Laser Melting: A manufacturing technology for the future?","volume":"9","author":"Bremen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Laser Tech. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1005-0302(12)60016-4","article-title":"Metal Fabrication by Additive Manufacturing Using Laser and Electron Beam Melting Technologies","volume":"28","author":"Murr","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Wikening, C., and Lohner, A. (1998). Aparatus for Producing a Three-Dimensional Object. (5753274), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Russell, D.B., Anderson, T., Bredt, J.F., Vogel, M.J., Seymor, M., Bornhorst, W.J., and Hatsopoulus, M.I. (1999). Aparatus for Producing a Three-Dimensional Object. (6007318), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Batchelder, J.S., and Crump, S.S. (1999). Method for Rapid Prototyping of Solid Models. (5866058), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Manning, G.L. (1997). End-of-Vector Laser Power Control in a Selective Laser Sintering System. (08866600), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Meiners, W., Wissenbach, K., and Gasser, A. (1997). Selective Laser Sintering at Melting Temperature. (09319132), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Swanson, W.J., and Hopkins, P.E. (1998). Thin-Wall Tube Liquifier. (09013388), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Hornick, J., and Bhushan, A. (2018, October 12). More 3D Printing Patents Are Expiring Soon: Here\u2019s a Roundup. Available online: 3dprintingindustry.com."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2015.04.001","article-title":"The status, challenges, and future of additive manufacturing in engineering","volume":"69","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Aided Des."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mprp.2015.06.005","article-title":"AM and aerospace: An ideal combination","volume":"70","author":"Nickels","year":"2015","journal-title":"Met. Powder Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2017.10.001","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of metallic components\u2014Process, structure and properties","volume":"92","author":"DebRoy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1080\/14686996.2017.1361305","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of metals: A brief review of the characteristic microstructures and properties of steels, Ti-6Al-4V and high-entropy alloys","volume":"18","author":"Gorsse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2017, October 26). Machine Supplier Website. Available online: http:\/\/www.twi-global.com."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2017, October 26). Machine Supplier Website. Available online: http:\/\/www.hermle-generativ-fertigen.de."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Sun, W., Tan, A.W., Bhowmik, A., Marinescu, J., Huong, Y., and Liu, E. (2018, January 14\u201317). Additive manufacturing of inconel 625 superalloy parts via high pressure cold spray. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Progress in Additive Manufacturing, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pathak, S., and Saha, G.C. (2017). Development of Sustainable Cold Spray Coatings and 3D Additive Manufacturing Components for Repair\/Manufacturing Applications: A Critical Review. Coatings, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings7080122"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"149","article-title":"Characterization and modeling of the bonding process in cold spray additive manufacturing","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Wu, L. (2018). Method and System for Additive Manufacturing of Complex Metal Part by Sheet Lamination. (0207924 A1), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2017.07.001","article-title":"Additive manufacturing: Scientific and technological challenges, market uptake and opportunities","volume":"21","author":"Tofail","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2018, December 17). Machine Supplier Website. Available online: http:\/\/www.3dprintingkorea.co.kr\/default.asp."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mprp.2016.12.062","article-title":"The Additive Manufacturing (AM) of titanium alloys","volume":"72","author":"Dutta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Met. Powder Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1080\/09506608.2016.1176289","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of metallic components by selective electron beam melting\u2014A review","volume":"61","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Mater. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/09506608.2015.1116649","article-title":"The metallurgy and processing science of metal additive manufacturing","volume":"61","author":"Sames","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Mater. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041101","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4935926","article-title":"Review of selective laser melting: Materials and applications","volume":"2","author":"Yap","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s10033-017-0121-5","article-title":"Defect Formation Mechanisms in Selective Laser Melting: A Review","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. J. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1108\/01445150310698652","article-title":"Lasers and materials in selective laser sintering","volume":"23","author":"Kruth","year":"2003","journal-title":"Assem. Autom."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibson, I., Rosen, D., and Stucker, B. (2015). Additive Manufacturing Technologies, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2113-3"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"440","article-title":"Fundamentals of Liquid Phase Sintering During Selective Laser Sintering","volume":"24","author":"Bunnell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Assem. Autom."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"12","article-title":"An overview of Direct Laser Deposition for additive manufacturing; Part II: Mechanical behavior, process parameter optimization and control","volume":"8","author":"Shamsaei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2017, October 26). Machine Supplier Website. Available online: http:\/\/www.sciaky.com."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2017, October 26). Service Supplier Website. Available online: http:\/\/www.ramlab.com."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2015.09.115","article-title":"A comparative study of additive manufacturing techniques: Residual stress and microstructural analysis of CLAD and WAAM printed Ti\u20136Al\u20134V components","volume":"89","author":"Szost","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmachtools.2015.11.007","article-title":"Hybrid additive and subtractive machine tools\u2014Research and industrial developments","volume":"101","author":"Flynn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2016.08.067","article-title":"A Novel Method for Additive\/Subtractive Hybrid Manufacturing of Metallic Parts","volume":"5","author":"Du","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1080\/0951192X.2015.1067920","article-title":"Additive Manufacturing\u2014Integrated Hybrid Manufacturing and Subtractive Processes: Economic Model and Analysis","volume":"29","author":"Manogharan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Integr. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2016.02.193","article-title":"Development of A Hybrid Multi-tasking Machine Tool: Integration of Additive Manufacturing Technology with CNC Machining","volume":"42","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phpro.2016.08.057","article-title":"Hybrid Additive Manufacturing Technologies\u2014An Analysis Regarding Potentials and Applications","volume":"83","author":"Merklein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2017, October 26). Machine Supplier Website. Available online: http:\/\/www.hybridmanutech.com\/."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Jones, J.B. (2015). Hybrid CNC + Additive: Two Heads Are Better Than One, Wohlers. Wohlers Talk: SME\u2019s RAPID."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1007\/s11663-014-0054-7","article-title":"Effect of Fluid Convection on Dendrite Arm Spacing in Laser Deposition","volume":"45","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. B"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2010.02.030","article-title":"Densification behavior of gas and water atomized 316L stainless steel powder during selective laser melting","volume":"256","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2009.01.013","article-title":"Balling phenomena in direct laser sintering of stainless steel powder: Metallurgical mechanisms and control methods","volume":"30","author":"Gu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Addispace (2016). Diagonosis and Study of Oportunities of Metallic Additive Manufacturing on SUDOE Aerospatial Sector, Technical Report for Sudoe and Interreg."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"108","article-title":"Strengthening mechanisms in direct metal laser sintered AlSi10Mg: Comparison between virgin and recycled powders","volume":"23","author":"Hadadzadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"125","article-title":"Standardized X-ray tomography testing of additively manufactured parts: A round robin test","volume":"24","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"422","article-title":"An interlaboratory comparison of X-ray computed tomography measurement for texture and dimensional characterisation of additively manufactured parts","volume":"23","author":"Townsend","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2016.04.054","article-title":"Porosity testing methods for the quality assessment of selective laser melted parts","volume":"65","author":"Wits","year":"2016","journal-title":"CIRP Ann."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2018.02.008","article-title":"Predicting failure in additively manufactured parts using X-ray computed tomography and simulation","volume":"213","author":"Fieres","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"87","article-title":"Analysis of defect generation in Ti\u20136Al\u20134V parts made using powder bed fusion additive manufacturing processes","volume":"1\u20134","author":"Gong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"77","article-title":"Reducing porosity in AlSi10Mg parts processed by selective laser melting","volume":"1\u20134","author":"Aboulkhair","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"91","article-title":"Surface roughness of Selective Laser Melted Ti-6Al-4V alloy components","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"103","article-title":"Influences of processing parameters on surface roughness of Hastelloy X produced by selective laser melting","volume":"13","author":"Tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1108\/13552541211250391","article-title":"Effect of process parameters settings and thickness on surface roughness of EBM produced Ti-6Al-4V","volume":"18","author":"Safdar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyp. J."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"13","article-title":"Determination of the effect of scan strategy on residual stress in laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing","volume":"23","author":"Robinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2016.06.030","article-title":"Experimental Analysis of Residual Stresses on AlSi10Mg Parts Produced by Means of Selective Laser Melting (SLM)","volume":"62","author":"Salmi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s11837-017-2265-2","article-title":"Progress Towards Metal Additive Manufacturing Standardization to Support Qualification and Certification","volume":"69","author":"Seifi","year":"2017","journal-title":"JOM"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"137","article-title":"A review of defect modeling in laser material processing","volume":"14","author":"Teng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.4150\/KPMI.2016.23.2.149","article-title":"Research Trend of Additive Manufacturing Technology\u2014 A = B + C + D + E, add Innovative Concept to Current Additive Manufacturing Technology: Four Conceptual Factors for Building Additive Manufacturing Technology","volume":"23","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Korean Powder Metall. Inst."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/17452759.2015.1111519","article-title":"3D printing in aerospace and its long-term sustainability","volume":"10","author":"Joshi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virtual Phys. Prototyp."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2011.01.018","article-title":"Wire based additive layer manufacturing: Comparison of microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti\u20136Al\u20134V components fabricated by laser-beam deposition and shaped metal deposition","volume":"211","author":"Baufeld","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phpro.2016.08.095","article-title":"A Novel Processing Approach for Additive Manufacturing of Commercial Aluminum Alloys","volume":"83","author":"Roberts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2017.11.002","article-title":"Fatigue properties of AlSi10Mg obtained by additive manufacturing: Defect-based modelling and prediction of fatigue strength","volume":"187","author":"Romano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Kelly, S.M. (2014). Volume 1: Development and Measurement Analysis of Design Data for Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing of Nickel Alloy 625, Deliverable under Cooperative Agreement No. 70NANB12H26. EWI Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, A.S., Shuai, S., Shamsaei, N., Thompson, S.M., and Bian, L. (2016, January 8\u201310). Fatigue behaviour and failure mechanisms of direct laser deposited inconel 718. Proceedings of the Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium\u2014An Additive Manufacturing Conference: University of Texas in Austin, Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11837-016-2225-2"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amsterdam, E., and Kool, G.A. (2009). High Cycle Fatigue of Laser Beam Deposited Ti-6Al-4V and Inconel 718. ICAF 2009, Bridging the Gap between Theory and Operational Practice, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-2746-7_71"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Bauer, T., Dawson, K., Spierings, A.B., and Wegener, K. (2011). Microstructure and Mechanical Characterisation of SLM Processed Haynes \u00ae 230 \u00ae, Laboratory for Freeform Fabrication, University of Texas. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"40","article-title":"Metallurgy of additive manufacturing: Examples from electron beam melting","volume":"5","author":"Murr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2017.03.027","article-title":"Design and Development of an Additive Manufactured Component by Topology Optimisation","volume":"60","author":"Walton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2132","DOI":"10.1177\/0954410014568797","article-title":"The present and future of additive manufacturing in the aerospace sector: A review of important aspects","volume":"229","author":"Uriondo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part G J. Aerosp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"081008","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4036941","article-title":"Additive Manufacturing-Oriented Design of Graded Lattice Structures Through Explicit Topology Optimization","volume":"84","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Mech."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Brackett, D., Ashcroft, I., and Hague, R. (2019, June 25). Topology Optimization for Additive Manufacturing. Available online: https:\/\/sffsymposium.engr.utexas.edu\/Manuscripts\/2011\/2011-27-Brackett.pdf."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2016.06.013","article-title":"A mechanical property evaluation of graded density Al-Si10-Mg lattice structures manufactured by selective laser melting","volume":"670","author":"Maskery","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Ferguson, I., Frecker, M., Simpson, T.W., and Dickman, C.J. (2016). Topology Optimization Software for Additive Manufacturing: A Review of Current Capabilities and a Real-World Example. Volume 2A: 42nd Design Automation Conference, ASME."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Clausen, A. (2016). Topology Optimization for Additive Manufacturing. [Ph.D. Thesis, DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark]."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2015.09.041","article-title":"Optimum Part Build Orientation in Additive Manufacturing for Minimizing Part Errors and Support Structures","volume":"1","author":"Das","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00158-016-1551-x","article-title":"Topology optimization considering overhang constraints: Eliminating sacrificial support material in additive manufacturing through design","volume":"54","author":"Gaynor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Struct. Multidiscip. Optim."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cma.2017.05.003","article-title":"Self-supporting structure design in additive manufacturing through explicit topology optimization","volume":"323","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Zhao, D., Li, M., and Liu, Y. (2017). Self-supporting Topology Optimization for Additive Manufacturing. CoRR."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2017.09.041","article-title":"Structural optimization under overhang constraints imposed by additive manufacturing technologies","volume":"351","author":"Allaire","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Comput. Phys."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2016.08.006","article-title":"Support structure constrained topology optimization for additive manufacturing","volume":"81","author":"Mirzendehdel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Aided Des."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"60","article-title":"Topology optimization of 3D self-supporting structures for additive manufacturing","volume":"12","author":"Langelaar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Gaynor, A.T. (2015). Topology Optimization Algorithms for Additive Manufacturing. [Ph.D. Thesis, The Johns Hopkins University]."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-014-0958-z","article-title":"Metal Additive Manufacturing: A Review","volume":"23","author":"Frazier","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1007\/s11837-015-1810-0","article-title":"Overview of Materials Qualification Needs for Metal Additive Manufacturing","volume":"68","author":"Seifi","year":"2016","journal-title":"JOM"},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"ESA Open Invitation to Tender AO9085 (2019, June 25). Development of Embedded Thermal Functions in Structural Parts Using 3D Printing. Available online: http:\/\/www2.rosa.ro\/index.php\/en\/esa\/oferte-furnizori\/2318-development-of-embedded-thermal-functions-in-structural-parts-using-3d-printing."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"ESA Open Invitation to Tender AO9112 (2019, June 25). Development of One Single Part Integrating Waveguide Filter, Bends, Coupler, Supporting Structures by Additive Manufacturing. Available online: http:\/\/www2.rosa.ro\/index.php\/en\/esa\/oferte-furnizori\/2378-development-of-one-single-part-integrating-waveguide-filter-bends-coupler-supporting-structures-by-additive-manufacturing."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Energetics Incorporated (2013). Measurement Science Roadmap for Metal-Based Additive Manufacturing: Workshop Summary Report, Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"ESA Open Invitation to Tender AO9094 (2019, June 25). Advanced Aluminium Alloys Tailored for Additive Manufacturing Space Applications, Targeting High End Structural Spacecraft Parts. Available online: http:\/\/www2.rosa.ro\/index.php\/en\/esa\/oferte-furnizori\/2359-advanced-aluminum-alloys-tailored-for-additive-manufacturing-space-applications-targeting-high-end-structural-spacecraft-parts."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"ESA Open Invitation to Tender AO 9032 (2019, June 25). Additive Manufacturing Powder Material Supply Chain: Verification and Validation. Available online: http:\/\/www2.rosa.ro\/index.php\/en\/esa\/oferte-furnizori\/2337-additive-manufacturing-powder-material-supply-chain-verification-and-validation."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Ghidini, T. (2013). An Overview of Current AM Activities at the European Space Agency: 3D Printing Additive Manufacturing\u2014Industrial Applications, Industrial Applications Global Summit. 3D Printing & Additive Manufacturing."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Werkheiser, N. (2014). Overview of NASA Initiatives in 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing, DoD Maintenance Symposium."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"Ghidini, T. (2013). European Space Agency Perspective on Additive Manufacturing (AM): 3D Printing Additive Manufacturing\u2014Industrial Applications, Industrial Applications Global Summit. 3D Printing & Additive Manufacturing."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Oerlikon (2018, October 12). RUAG Deepens Cooperation With Oerlikon to Achieve Serial Production of 3D Printed Components for Space. Available online: additivemanufacturing.com."},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Bromberger, M. (2014). Technology Symbiosis Additive Manufacturing & Topology Optimization. Additive Manufacturing Design & Engineering Symposium, Altair Engineering, Inc."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"(2018, October 11). Aerospace: RUAG\u2014Additive Manufacturing of Satellite Components. Available online: www.eos.info."}],"container-title":["Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2504-4494\/3\/3\/52\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:01:24Z","timestamp":1760187684000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2504-4494\/3\/3\/52"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jmmp3030052"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jmmp3030052","relation":{},"ISSN":["2504-4494"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2504-4494","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]]}}}