{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T10:06:16Z","timestamp":1771063576929,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020.07155.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.07155.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMMP"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During machining processes, a high temperature is generated in the cutting zone due to deformation of the material and friction of the chip along the surface of the tool. This high temperature has a detrimental effect on the cutting tool, and for this reason, it is of the utmost importance to assess the cutting temperature in real time during these processes. Despite all the advances and investigation in this field, accurately measuring the cutting temperature remains a great challenge. In this sense, this work intends to contribute to solving this problem by experimentally evaluating the potential of the developed approach for embedding thermocouples into the rake face of cutting tools for measuring cutting temperature in real time during dry turning of AISI 1045 steel for different cutting parameters and comparing the obtained results with infrared thermography measurements at the exact same point. A well-defined, smooth micro-groove with good surface quality was produced by laser surface modification. Then a laser-welded K-type thermocouple was fixated in the micro-groove with a MgO ceramic adhesive, ensuring protection from wear and chips, which allowed the creation of WC-Co cutting inserts with the ability to measure cutting tool temperature with a maximum error of 0.96%. Results showed that, despite yielding the same trend, the tool temperature measured by the IR thermographic camera was always lower than the temperature measured by the K-type embedded thermocouple. The proposed embedded thermocouple method proved to be a reliable, precise, accurate, and cost-effective approach for real-time temperature measurement capable of providing useful information for cutting parameter optimization, thus allowing increased productivity and tool life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jmmp7010050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T06:33:01Z","timestamp":1676442781000},"page":"50","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Real-Time Cutting Temperature Measurement in Turning of AISI 1045 Steel through an Embedded Thermocouple\u2014A Comparative Study with Infrared Thermography"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7126-6365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Rosas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIDEM-DEM\/ISEP, School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 712, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9713-060X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina M.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Palbit S.A., 3854-908 Branca, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5697-4344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Palbit S.A., 3854-908 Branca, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9344-8503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hern\u00e2ni","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIDEM-DEM\/ISEP, School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 712, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Olga C.","family":"Paiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIDEM-DEM\/ISEP, School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 712, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Filipe S.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Georgina","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO, Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmachtools.2005.07.024","article-title":"Heat generation and temperature prediction in metal cutting: A review and implications for high speed machining","volume":"46","author":"Abukhshim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2020.107302","article-title":"Tool coating effects on cutting temperature during metal cutting processes: Comprehensive review and future research directions","volume":"150","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-020-06155-3","article-title":"Effect of laser surface texturing on the wettability of WC-Co cutting tools","volume":"111","author":"Fernandes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Trent, E.M., and Wright, P.K. (2000). Metal Cutting, Butterworth-Heinemann. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5135","DOI":"10.1007\/s40430-017-0869-7","article-title":"Measurement and prediction of cutting temperatures during dry milling: Review and discussions","volume":"39","author":"Bhirud","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grzesik, W. (2017). Advanced Machining Processes of Metallic, Elsevier. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63711-6.00015-6"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2018.07.017","article-title":"Built-in thin film thermocouples in surface textures of cemented carbide tools for cutting temperature measurement","volume":"279","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2018.07.107","article-title":"Temperature assessment when milling AISI D2 cold work die steel using tool-chip thermocouple, implanted thermocouple and finite element simulation","volume":"143","author":"Lima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2849","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-022-08957-z","article-title":"Cutting temperature measurement and prediction in machining processes: Comprehensive review and future perspectives","volume":"120","author":"Fernandes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-020-05404-9","article-title":"The heat partition into cutting tool at tool-chip contact interface during cutting process: A review","volume":"108","author":"Hao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2018.09.074","article-title":"Using the temperature method for the prediction of tool life in sustainable production","volume":"133","author":"Kovac","year":"2018","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosas, J., Lopes, H., Guimar\u00e3es, B., Piloto, P.A., Miranda, G., Silva, F.S., and Paiva, O.C. (2022). Influence of Micro-Textures on Cutting Insert Heat Dissipation. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12136583"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2015.03.083","article-title":"Experimental investigation of thermal aspects in a cutting tool using comsol and inverse problem","volume":"86","author":"Brito","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Prakash, C., Krolczyk, G., Singh, S., and Pramanik, A. (2019). Advances in Metrology and Measurement of Engineering Surfaces: Select Proceedings of ICFMMP, Springer."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-679X(01)00068-8","article-title":"A review of the experimental techniques for the measurement of heat and temperatures generated in some manufacturing processes and tribology","volume":"34","author":"Komanduri","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.3390\/s150101274","article-title":"Thermocouple and Infrared Sensor-Based Measurement of Temperature Distribution in Metal Cutting","volume":"15","author":"Kus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibrahim, D. (2002). Microcontroller-Based Temperature Monitoring and Control, Newnes.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-075065556-9\/50004-9"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morris, A.S., and Langari, R. (2016). Measurement and Instrumentation, Butterworth-Heinemann. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800884-3.00016-2"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2020.116901","article-title":"Real-time tool wear monitoring using thin-film thermocouple","volume":"288","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2019.07.043","article-title":"Cutting tools embedded with thin film thermocouples vertically to the rake face for temperature measurement","volume":"296","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmachtools.2017.03.003","article-title":"Machined surface temperature in hard turning","volume":"121","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, J., Liu, Z., Shen, Q., Wang, B., and Wang, Q. (2018). Investigation of Cutting Temperature during Turning Inconel 718 with (Ti,Al)N PVD Coated Cemented Carbide Tools. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11081281"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmachtools.2013.05.006","article-title":"Experimental study on cutting temperature and cutting force in dry turning of titanium alloy using a non-coated micro-grooved tool","volume":"73","author":"Xie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-019-04088-0","article-title":"Development of a wireless system for milling temperature monitoring","volume":"104","author":"Campidelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"82","article-title":"A study of experimental temperature measuring techniques used in metal cutting","volume":"8","author":"Goyal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Jordan J. Mech. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2018.09.051","article-title":"Determining tool\/chip temperatures from thermography measurements in metal cutting","volume":"145","author":"Soler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2016.11.026","article-title":"Infrared measurement of the temperature at the tool\u2013chip interface while machining Ti\u20136Al\u20134V","volume":"243","author":"Heigel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, G., Liu, Z., Liang, X., and Zhao, J. (2019). Influences of TiAlN coating on cutting temperature during orthogonal machining H13 hardened steel. Coatings, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings9060355"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-018-2060-4","article-title":"Smart-sensor for tool-breakage detection in milling process under dry and wet conditions based on infrared thermography","volume":"97","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pratas, S., Silva, E.L., Neto, M.A., Fernandes, C.M., Fernandes, A.J.S., Figueiredo, D., and Silva, R.F. (2021). Boron Doped Diamond for Real-Time Wireless Cutting Temperature Monitoring of Diamond Coated Carbide Tools. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14237334"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"091008","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4044035","article-title":"Characterization of Tool\u2013Chip Interface Temperature Measurement with Thermocouple Fabricated Directly on the Rake Face","volume":"141","author":"Kesriklioglu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2020.107595","article-title":"In situ measurement of cutting edge temperature in turning using a near-infrared fiber-optic two-color pyrometer","volume":"156","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Meas. J. Int. Meas. Confed."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2020.04.021","article-title":"In-situ measurement of rake face temperatures in orthogonal cutting","volume":"69","author":"Saelzer","year":"2020","journal-title":"CIRP Ann."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Afrasiabi, M., Saelzer, J., Berger, S., Iovkov, I., Klippel, H., R\u00f6thlin, M., Zabel, A., Biermann, D., and Wegener, K. (2021). A Numerical-Experimental Study on Orthogonal Cutting of AISI 1045 Steel and Ti6Al4V Alloy: SPH and FEM Modeling with Newly Identified Friction Coefficients. Metals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/met11111683"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2017.11.033","article-title":"Investigation of machinability in turning of difficult-to-cut materials using a new cryogenic cooling approach","volume":"119","author":"Bagherzadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3731","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-021-07417-4","article-title":"Modeling and prediction of cutting temperature in the machining of H13 hard steel of multi-layer coated cutting tools","volume":"115","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmhm.2023.106140","article-title":"WC-Co\/316L stainless steel joining by laser powder bed fusion for multi-material cutting tools manufacturing","volume":"112","author":"Guedes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2022.128268","article-title":"Understanding drop spreading behaviour on WC-10wt%Co cutting tools\u2014An experimental and numerical study","volume":"637","author":"Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2019.08.151","article-title":"Investigation of high temperature electrical insulation property of MgO ceramic films and the influence of annealing process","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hornak, J., Trnka, P., Kadlec, P., Michal, O., Mentl\u00edk, V., \u0160utta, P., Cs\u00e1nyi, G.M., and Tamus, Z. (2018). Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles: Dielectric Properties, Surface Functionalization and Improvement of Epoxy-Based Composites Insulating Properties. Nanomaterials, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano8060381"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-013-5433-8","article-title":"Influence of cutting speed on cutting force, flank temperature, and tool wear in end milling of Ti-6Al-4V alloy","volume":"70","author":"Hou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"253","article-title":"Tool temperatures in orthogonal cutting of alloyed titanium","volume":"39","author":"Ivester","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trans. N. Am. Manuf. Res. Inst. SME"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1515\/amtm-2016-0006","article-title":"Determination of emissivity coefficient of heat-resistant super alloys and cemented carbide","volume":"36","author":"Kieruj","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Mech. Technol. Mater."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"102450","article-title":"Effect of surface roughness and chemistry on the adhesion and durability of a steel-epoxy adhesive interface","volume":"96","author":"Abrahami","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2006.09.015","article-title":"Adhesion as an interplay between particle size and surface roughness","volume":"304","author":"Katainen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Labfacility (2006). Thermoelectrics Handbook, Labfacility."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1","article-title":"Two Ways to Measure Temperature Using Thermocouples Feature Simplicity, Accuracy, and Flexibility","volume":"44","author":"Duff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Analog. Dialogue"}],"container-title":["Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2504-4494\/7\/1\/50\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:36:38Z","timestamp":1760121398000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2504-4494\/7\/1\/50"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jmmp7010050"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jmmp7010050","relation":{},"ISSN":["2504-4494"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2504-4494","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]}}}