{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T02:14:33Z","timestamp":1771035273011,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of Rio de Janeiro State","award":["E-26\/210.349\/202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/210.349\/202"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMMP"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Additive manufacturing (AM) is revolutionizing the fabrication of metallic components, offering significant potential to compete with or complement traditional casting, forging, and machining processes, and enabling the production of complex functional components. Recent advancements in AM technology have facilitated the processing of shape memory alloys (SMAs) with functional properties comparable to those of conventionally processed alloys. However, the AM of NiTi SMAs remains underexplored due to the extreme complexity of the process, high melting point, and reactivity with oxygen. This study investigates the impact of AM processing on the shape memory properties of NiTi alloys using the Micro Wire and Arc Directed Energy Deposition (\u03bc-WA-DED) technique in short circuit mode with a pioneering 0.3 mm pre-alloyed wire, focusing on increasing precision and control in the deposition process. The macroscopic morphology, microstructure, phase composition, phase-transformation temperatures, and mechanical properties of each deposited layer were analyzed. Results indicated austenite (B2) as the predominant phase, with retained martensite (B19\u2032) and a reversible martensitic transformation (B2 \u21cc B19\u2032) in the second layer. Mechanical characterization revealed variations in hardness (H) and elastic modulus (E) due to microstructural heterogeneity and composition. The first layer exhibited H = 3.8 GPa and E = 70 GPa, associated with the B2-NiTi phase, while higher values were obtained in the second layer, i.e., E = 100 GPa and H = 7 GPa. This study establishes for the first time the feasibility of NiTi alloy deposition with a 0.3 mm wire, setting a new standard for future research and applications in AM using \u03bc-WA-DED.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jmmp9020057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T05:10:22Z","timestamp":1739423422000},"page":"57","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Microstructure, Thermal, and Mechanical Behavior of NiTi Shape Memory Alloy Obtained by Micro Wire and Arc Direct Energy Deposition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8621-1954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tadeu C.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Additive Manufacturing and Tooling Group (NUFER), Federal University of Technology\u2014Paran\u00e1 (UTFPR), Curitiba 81280-340, PR, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi 24210-240, RJ, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Edwin","family":"Sallica-Leva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Technology, Av. Venezuela, 82 Pra\u00e7a Maua, Rio de Janeiro 20081-312, RJ, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0653-2046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilio","family":"Ray\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Tecnolog\u00eda de Materiales, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Cam\u00ed de Vera, s\/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Claudio T.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Technology, Av. Venezuela, 82 Pra\u00e7a Maua, Rio de Janeiro 20081-312, RJ, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1871-8518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o C. A. D.","family":"Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi 24210-240, RJ, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Neri","family":"Volpato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Additive Manufacturing and Tooling Group (NUFER), Federal University of Technology\u2014Paran\u00e1 (UTFPR), Curitiba 81280-340, PR, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Dalton D.","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Technology, Av. Venezuela, 82 Pra\u00e7a Maua, Rio de Janeiro 20081-312, RJ, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4598-749X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo H. G.","family":"Dornelas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIDEMI, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1698-8634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio S. M.","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi 24210-240, RJ, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9072-5010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Telmo G.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIDEMI, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado de Sistemas Inteligentes, LASI, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045012","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/25\/4\/045012","article-title":"Shape memory alloy actuated accumulator for ultra-deepwater oil and gas exploration","volume":"25","author":"Patil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Smart Mater. 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