{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T12:57:27Z","timestamp":1761397047105,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CNPq","award":["405499\/2022-1","402730\/2023-2","443148\/2023-6","200018\/2025-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["405499\/2022-1","402730\/2023-2","443148\/2023-6","200018\/2025-6"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMMP"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Additive manufacturing (AM) stands out for its variable applications in terms of material, quality, and geometry. Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is remarkable for producing large parts in reduced times when compared to other AM methods. The possibility of producing a part with a near-net shape not only enhances productivity but also reduces resources usage. However, parts produced by WAAM may need post-processing by machining to achieve functional surface requirements. Therefore, it is important that machining, even if minimized, does not lead to a significant environmental impact. In this sense, this work evaluates the effect of using compressed air, dry cut, and synthetic biodegradable cutting fluid at varying nozzle positions and flow rates on the surface quality of ER70S-6 steel produced by WAAM, after milling with TiAlN-coated carbide tools. To analyze the surface roughness, parameters Ra, Rq, and Rz were measured and microscopy was used to further evaluate the surfaces. The surface hardness was also evaluated. The results showed that a flow rate of 10 L\/min promotes better surface quality, which can be further improved using compressed air, leading to a surface quality 50% better when compared to dry cutting. Dry cut was not suitable for machining ER70S-6 WAAM material as it resulted in rough surface texture with an Rz = 4.02 \u00b5m. Compressed air was the best overall condition evaluated, achieving a 36% Ra reduction compared to dry cutting, the second-lowest hardness deviation at 6.51%, and improved sustainability by eliminating the need for cutting fluid.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jmmp9060193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T08:18:43Z","timestamp":1749543523000},"page":"193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["On the Use of Compressed Air and Synthetic Biodegradable Cutting Fluid to Enhance the Surface Quality of WAAM\u2013CMT Manufactured Low-Alloy Steel Parts During Post-Processing Milling with Different Cooling\u2013Lubrication Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7340-5792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00e9borah","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Brasilia, Asa Norte, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2617-2283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos Vin\u00edcius","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials and Processes, Technological Institute of Aeronautics, Vila das Acacias, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12228-900, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7526-3020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme Menezes","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Brasilia, Asa Norte, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8069-9228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 Luis Silva","family":"da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Brasilia, Asa Norte, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7492-5981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Regueiras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1368-108X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1059-715X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ab\u00edlio","family":"de Jesus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAETA, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3654-4953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucival","family":"Malcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6620-8806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maksym","family":"Ziberov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Brasilia, Asa Norte, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, A., Aliyev, R., Zeidler, H., and Krinke, S. (2023). A Review of the Recent Developments and Challenges in Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) Process. J. Manuf. Mater. Process., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmmp7030097"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, C.P., Sarma, R., Rajput, A.S., and Kapil, S. (2024). A nature-inspired build strategy for consistently fabricating intricate objects by wire-arc-based directed energy deposition. Prog. Addit. Manuf.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40964-024-00909-1"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Ara\u00fajo Soares, M.A., Novelino, A.L.B., and Ziberov, M. (2024). Geometry Study on 410NiMo Alloy Parts Printed by WAAM-CMT, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-43555-3_11"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s40964-024-00647-4","article-title":"Numerical simulation and experimental investigation of temperature distribution during the wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) process","volume":"10","author":"Gupta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog. Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polamuri, S.K., Chitral, S., Adapa, M.K., Nayak, A., and Kiran, D.V. (2025). A strategic approach to minimize lack of fusion defects in wire arc additive manufacturing. Prog. Addit. Manuf.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40964-025-01020-9"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"40","article-title":"Influence of parameter variation and interlayer temperature control in wall angle, curvature and measurement methodology of ER70S-6 parts obtained by WAAM","volume":"42","author":"Liskevych","year":"2024","journal-title":"Manuf. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhai, W., Wu, N., and Zhou, W. (2022). Effect of Interpass Temperature on Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Using High-Strength Metal-Cored Wire. Metals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/met12020212"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"da Costa, A.L.S., de Paiva, R.L., de Oliveira, D., and Ziberov, M. (2025). Influence of Interlayer Temperature and Deposition Method on the Wall Geometry and Vickers Microhardness Profile of ER70S-6 Parts Manufactured by Additive Manufacturing Using CMT. J. Manuf. Mater. Process., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmmp9030093"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euromechsol.2022.104739","article-title":"Corrosion-fatigue crack growth behaviour of wire arc additively manufactured ER70S-6 steel parts in marine environments","volume":"96","author":"Ermakova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Mech. A\/Solids"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barroqueiro, B., Andrade-Campos, A., Valente, R.A.F., and Neto, V. (2019). Metal Additive Manufacturing Cycle in Aerospace Industry: A Comprehensive Review. J. Manuf. Mater. Process., 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmmp3030052"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veer, P., Mudakavi, D., and MAdinarayanappa, S. (2025). Optimizing multi-physics variables in wire arc additive manufacturing for weld bead aspect ratio: A machine learning approach. Prog. Addit. Manuf.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40964-025-01088-3"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1007\/s40430-024-04828-8","article-title":"Hybrid search methodology for mechanical characterization of material produced via WAAM assuming Gurson porous material","volume":"46","author":"Silva","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2019.08.159","article-title":"Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) process of nickel based superalloys\u2014A review","volume":"21","author":"Dhinakaran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kah, P. (2021). Gas metal arc welding. Advancements in Intelligent Gas Metal Arc Welding Systems, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823905-6.00001-5"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2013.12.060","article-title":"A study of cold metal transfer clads in nickel-base INCONEL 718 superalloy","volume":"57","author":"Ola","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirpj.2021.11.005","article-title":"Effect of welding processes on mechanical and metallurgical characteristics of carbon steel cylindrical components made by wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) technique","volume":"36","author":"Nagasai","year":"2022","journal-title":"CIRP J. Manuf. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/ac1e4a","article-title":"A review of wire arc additive manufacturing: Development, principles, process physics, implementation and current status","volume":"54","author":"Norrish","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murugan, R.S., and Vinodh, S. (2024). Holistic review on design for additive manufacturing. Prog. Addit. Manuf.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40964-024-00887-4"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostr.2024.03.017","article-title":"Assessing Fatigue in Materials with Small Defects: A New Multiaxial Model Based on Principal Stress Amplitudes","volume":"57","author":"Araujo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Procedia Struct. Integr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2022.144050","article-title":"The effects of surface finish on the fatigue performance of electron beam melted Ti\u20136Al\u20134V","volume":"857","author":"Ednie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"408","article-title":"Beautiful and Functional: A Review of Biomimetic Design in Additive Manufacturing","volume":"27","author":"Broeckhoven","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s40964-022-00325-3","article-title":"Abrasive and non-conventional post-processing techniques to improve surface finish of additively manufactured metals: A review","volume":"8","author":"Gomes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog. Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-021-08112-0","article-title":"Micro-machining of additively manufactured metals: A review","volume":"118","author":"Gomes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s11740-020-00982-9","article-title":"Determining the machining allowance for WAAM parts","volume":"14","author":"Fuchs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prod. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirpj.2021.06.022","article-title":"Machinability of wire and arc additive manufactured components","volume":"35","author":"Chernovol","year":"2021","journal-title":"CIRP J. Manuf. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3247","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-023-12517-4","article-title":"Integrating robotic wire arc additive manufacturing and machining: Hybrid WAAM machining","volume":"129","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1007\/s40430-024-05315-w","article-title":"Comparison of the mechanical properties and drilling performance of the AISI 316 parts produced with casting, LPBF and WAAM","volume":"46","author":"Kocaman","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2025.206090","article-title":"Tribological performance of hBN and graphene-enriched hybrid nanofluids on tool wear and hole surface quality in drilling: A comparative study on WAAM and wrought Inconel 625","volume":"574\u2013575","author":"Vats","year":"2025","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alonso, U., Veiga, F., Su\u00e1rez, A., and Artaza, T. (2020). Experimental Investigation of the Influence of Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing on the Machinability of Titanium Parts. Metals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/met10010024"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2023.01.072","article-title":"A comparative study on drillability of Inconel 625 alloy fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing","volume":"89","author":"Ceritbinmez","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Process"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2024.110068","article-title":"Comparison of sustainable cooling\/lubrication strategies for drilling of wire arc additively manufactured Inconel 625","volume":"200","author":"Khanna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"61","article-title":"Milling of Inconel 625 blanks fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM)","volume":"27","author":"Martyushev","year":"2025","journal-title":"Met. Work. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s11740-022-01153-8","article-title":"Impact of wire and arc additively manufactured workpiece geometry on the milling process","volume":"17","author":"Fuchs","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prod. Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2020.10.007","article-title":"Effect of milling parameters on HSLA steel parts produced by Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM)","volume":"59","author":"Lopes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7373","DOI":"10.17973\/MMSJ.2024_06_2024033","article-title":"Cutting Tool Design for Milling of Thin-Walled Inconel 718 Components Made by Waam","volume":"2024","author":"Vozar","year":"2024","journal-title":"MM Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2022.12.182","article-title":"Machinability characterization in end milling of Invar 36 fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing","volume":"23","author":"Cearsolo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laue, R., Colditz, P., M\u00f6ckel, M., and Awiszus, B. (2022). Study on the Milling of Additive Manufactured Components. Metals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/met12071167"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, H., Lu, Z., and Chen, S. (2022). Predictive Modeling of Thermally Assisted Machining and Simulation Based on RSM after WAAM. Metals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/met12040691"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, S., Wang, K., Li, X., Du, W., Liu, M., and Qi, J. (2025). Development and Experimental Validation of a Hybrid Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing and Milling Repair Platform. Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12541-025-01242-5"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sivakumar, M., Shriram, S., Jerald, J., and Prabakaran, R. (2025). Micro-milling performance and surface quality of wire arc additive manufactured P91 steel. Prog. Addit. Manuf.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40964-025-01039-y"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sommer, K., Pfennig, A., Sammler, F., Abdelmoula, M., Kamerer, D., and Heiler, R. (2024). First Approach in Analysis of Tool Wear When Milling Additive Manufacturing (AM) Parts. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14146219"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1080\/13621718.2019.1595925","article-title":"Effects of milling thickness on wire deposition accuracy of hybrid additive\/subtractive manufacturing","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Weld. Join."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dugar, J., Ikram, A., Klob\u010dar, D., and Pu\u0161avec, F. (2022). Sustainable Hybrid Manufacturing of AlSi5 Alloy Turbine Blade Prototype by Robotic Direct Energy Layered Deposition and Subsequent Milling: An Alternative to Selective Laser Melting?. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15238631"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wandtke, K., Becker, A., Schroepfer, D., Kromm, A., Kannengiesser, T., Scharf-Wildenhain, R., Haelsig, A., and Hensel, J. (2024). Residual Stress Evolution during Slot Milling for Repair Welding and Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of High-Strength Steel Components. Metals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/met14010082"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1007\/s11740-023-01192-9","article-title":"Investigation into the influence of the interlayer temperature on machinability and microstructure of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V","volume":"17","author":"Fuchs","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prod. Eng."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2021.117077","article-title":"Residual stress and tensile anisotropy of hybrid wire arc additive-milling subtractive manufacturing","volume":"293","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2023.10.006","article-title":"Improvement of microstructure and mechanical properties of TC4 titanium alloy GTAW based wire arc additive manufacturing by using interpass milling","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, F., Chen, S., Shi, J., Tian, H., and Zhao, Y. (2017). Evaluation and Optimization of a Hybrid Manufacturing Process Combining Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing with Milling for the Fabrication of Stiffened Panels. Appl. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/app7121233"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hendrickson, N., Valizadeh Sotubadi, S., and Nguyen, V. (2024, January 17\u201321). Improving the Efficiency of WAAM-Based Hybrid Manufacturing Through Selective In-Situ Machining Based on Height Error Prediction. Proceedings of the ASME 2024 19th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference, Knoxville, TN, USA. Volume 1: Additive Manufacturing; Advanced Materials Manufacturing; Biomanufacturing; Life Cycle Engineering.","DOI":"10.1115\/MSEC2024-124647"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"dos Santos, G.Q.V., Kaneko, J., and Abe, T. (2022). Study on the Effects of Different Cutting Angles on the End-Milling of Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing Inconel 718 Workpieces. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15062190"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, Z., Ren, X., Zhao, H., and Chen, S. (2024). Investigating the Impact of Robotic Milling Parameters on the Surface Roughness of Al-Alloy Fabricated by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17194845"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozaner, O.C., Klob\u010dar, D., and Sharma, A. (2023). Machining Strategy Determination for Single- and Multi-Material Wire and Arc Additive Manufactured Thin-Walled Parts. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16052055"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2021.07.132","article-title":"Characterization of Inconel 718\u00ae superalloy fabricated by wire Arc Additive Manufacturing: Effect on mechanical properties and machinability","volume":"14","author":"Alonso","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2016.04.034","article-title":"Cutting Forces Analysis in Additive Manufactured AISI H13 Alloy","volume":"46","author":"Montevecchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"103316","article-title":"Environmental and economic assessment of a steel wall fabricated by wire-based directed energy deposition","volume":"61","author":"Kokare","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3101","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-024-14707-0","article-title":"Exploratory study of repairing damaged aluminum part through robotic hybrid wire arc additive manufacturing and machining for potential in-space manufacturing","volume":"135","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quadra Vieira dos Santos, G., Kaneko, J., and Abe, T. (2023). Analysis of Machinability on Properties of Inconel 718 Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing Products. J. Manuf. Mater. Process., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmmp8010004"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quadra Vieira dos Santos, G., Kaneko, J., and Abe, T. (2024). Analysis of Heat Treatment and Its Effects on the Machinability of Inconel 718 Products Manufactured with Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing Technique. J. Mater. Eng. Perform.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-024-09706-x"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.17580\/cisisr.2024.01.14","article-title":"Porosity reduction in metal with hybrid wire and arc additive manufacturing technology (WAAM)","volume":"27","author":"Karlina","year":"2024","journal-title":"CIS Iron Steel Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramachandran, M.K., Sumaiya, S.A., Golvaskar, M., Wood, J., Sluder, I., Rakurty, C.S., Rangasamy, N., Emuakpor, O.S., and Kannan, M. (2024, January 24\u201328). Improving the Fatigue Life of an Additively Manufactured Stainless-Steel Specimen Using a Secondary Grinding Process. Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2024: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition, London, UK. Volume 9: Manufacturing Materials and Metallurgy; Microturbines, Turbochargers, and Small Turbomachines; Oil & Gas Applications; Steam Turbine.","DOI":"10.1115\/GT2024-124342"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2023.09.075","article-title":"Cutting fluids in metal AM: A review of sustainability and efficiency","volume":"106","author":"Alimuzzaman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Process"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-024-13132-7","article-title":"Biodegradable cutting fluids for sustainable manufacturing: A review of machining mechanisms and performance","volume":"131","author":"Gan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Oliveira, D., de Paiva, R.L., de Souza Ruzzi, R., Jackson, M.J., Gelamo, R.V., Machado, A.R., and da Silva, R.B. (Wear, 2025). A comprehensive evaluation of the use of graphene enriched cutting fluids on the surface integrity of very poor-grindability materials, Wear, in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2025.205811"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2016.11.192","article-title":"Energy Efficient Cutting Fluid Supply: The Impact of Nozzle Design","volume":"61","author":"Madanchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"100105","article-title":"Influence of WAAM-CMT deposition parameters on wall geometry","volume":"5","author":"Novelino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Ind. Manuf. Eng."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, J., Nie, W., and Li, X. (2021). The Influence of Heat Input on the Surface Quality of Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app112110201"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2022.105146","article-title":"Effect of heat input on microstructural and mechanical properties of high strength low alloy steel block parts fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing","volume":"34","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s12540-024-01766-x","article-title":"Unveiling the Characteristics of ER70S-6 low Carbon Steel Alloy Produced by wire arc Additive Manufacturing at Different Travel Speeds","volume":"31","author":"Dekis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Met. Mater. Int."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-000-0142-y","article-title":"Characteristics of a Pulsed-Current, Vertical-Up Gas Metal Arc Weld in Steel","volume":"31","author":"Ghosh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Met. Mater. Trans. A"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prajadhiana, K.P., Manurung, Y.H.P., Fateri, M., Choo, H.L., Rahaman, W.E.W.A., Adenan, M.S., Ambarita, H., Busari, Y.O., Ishak, D.P., and Taufek, T. (2025). Distortion analysis of WAAM component using thermo-mechanical, inherent strain and experimental methods. Prog. Addit. Manuf.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40964-025-01102-8"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1515\/amm-2017-0276","article-title":"Influence of cutting fluid flow rate and cutting parameters on the surface roughness and flank wear of TiAlN coated tool in turning AISI 1015 steel using taguchi method","volume":"62","author":"Moganapriya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Metall. Mater."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2023.04.082","article-title":"Energy efficient supply of cutting fluids in machining by utilizing flow rate control","volume":"72","author":"Denkena","year":"2023","journal-title":"CIRP Ann."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"119","article-title":"Impact of Cutting Fluid Velocity and Flow Rate on Wear and Surface Roughness in Turning Operations","volume":"2024","year":"2024","journal-title":"EUREKA Phys. Eng."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okoye, K., and Hosseini, S. (2024). R Programming Statistical Data Analysis in Research, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-3385-9"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9385","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-022-06937-8","article-title":"Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of ER70S-6 Alloy Cladding on Aluminum Using a Cold Metal Transfer Process","volume":"31","author":"Das","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rowe, W.B. (2014). Principles of Modern Grinding Technology, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-24271-4.00016-6"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hrechuk, A., Slipchenko, K., Maistro, G., and Bushlya, V. (Wear, 2025). Quantification of tool wear mechanisms in machining: The case of controlled-microstructure AISI 316L, Wear, in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2025.205944"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.04.075","article-title":"Technical, Economic and Environmental Review of the Lubrication\/Cooling Systems Used in Machining Processes","volume":"184","author":"Benedicto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1007\/s40964-024-00579-z","article-title":"Sustainability of additive manufacturing: A comprehensive review","volume":"9","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog. Addit. Manuf."}],"container-title":["Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2504-4494\/9\/6\/193\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:49:27Z","timestamp":1760032167000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2504-4494\/9\/6\/193"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jmmp9060193"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jmmp9060193","relation":{},"ISSN":["2504-4494"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2504-4494"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]}}}