{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T04:53:52Z","timestamp":1776920032813,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]],"date-time":"2022-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Erasmus Mundus scholarship for following the Joint Master Degree Programme on Groundwater and Global Change \u2013 Impacts and Adaptation","award":["IST"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IST"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMSE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD) is an essential process of the hydrological cycle by hydraulically connecting the land and sea. However, the occurrence, importance and effects of SGD remain largely underexplored. Here, we developed and validated a straightforward tool for mapping potential SGD areas in coastal ecosystems of Portugal. Our approach was based on the premise that relatively cooler groundwater discharging to warmer coastal waters manifests in the thermal band of satellite imagery acquired during the summer months. We then used Landsat 8 thermal infrared imagery (TIR) to derive sea surface temperature and standardized temperature anomalies maps. The results confirmed the capacity of TIR remote sensing for identifying SGD areas. The thermal analysis enabled us to acquire a useful visual-spatial correlation between the location of thermal anomalies and potentiometric surfaces of coastal aquifers. This way, over 20 potential SGD areas were identified. Our study makes an important contribute to our current SGD research status by developing a cost-efficient tool which can be used as a first level approach for large areas. Further investigation is needed to quantify the SGD and its potential effect in the receiving ecosystems, especially those located within environmentally protected areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse10030414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,13]],"date-time":"2022-03-13T22:29:43Z","timestamp":1647210583000},"page":"414","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Thermal-Based Remote Sensing Solution for Identifying Coastal Zones with Potential Groundwater Discharge"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4531-0489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juli\u00e1n E.","family":"Londo\u00f1o-Londo\u00f1o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5665-6744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Condesso de Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Arquitectura e Georrecursos, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 10049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9974-1869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o N.","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Arquitectura e Georrecursos, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 10049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4734-6538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana C. F.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia e Ci\u00eancias Nucleares (DECN), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrc.20154","article-title":"Dynamic response of surface water-groundwater exchange to currents, tides, and waves in a shallow estuary","volume":"118","author":"Sawyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amato, D.W., Bishop, J.M., Glenn, C.R., Dulai, H., and Smith, C.M. (2016). Impact of submarine groundwater discharge on marine water quality and reef biota of Maui. 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