{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T08:44:14Z","timestamp":1769244254690,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC) under the R&amp;D Unit Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE)","award":["UIDB\/04029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04029\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC) under the R&amp;D Unit Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE)","award":["BEST\/2020\/079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BEST\/2020\/079"]}]},{"name":"FEDER through the COMPETE2020 program, Portugal 2020, within the scope of project CENTRO-01-0247-FEDER-047067 (LIFE4STONE)","award":["UIDB\/04029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04029\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER through the COMPETE2020 program, Portugal 2020, within the scope of project CENTRO-01-0247-FEDER-047067 (LIFE4STONE)","award":["BEST\/2020\/079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BEST\/2020\/079"]}]},{"name":"Conselleria de Innovaci\u00f3n, Universidades, Ciencia y Sociedad Digital de la Generalitat Valenciana (Spain), for a fellowship of the BEST\/2020 program","award":["UIDB\/04029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04029\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Conselleria de Innovaci\u00f3n, Universidades, Ciencia y Sociedad Digital de la Generalitat Valenciana (Spain), for a fellowship of the BEST\/2020 program","award":["BEST\/2020\/079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BEST\/2020\/079"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMSE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of lightweight aggregates in construction materials is a good solution for increasing the contribution to sustainability of civil engineering works, such as maritime ones. In this regard, the possibility of using cork granulates and expanded clay is a current research topic. The combination of eco-friendly cements with lightweight aggregates could provide solutions for developing new building materials. In this work, it has been studied mortars prepared with sustainable cements and the lightweight aggregates of natural cork and expanded clay. These cements incorporated slag, limestone and fly ash. Reference mortars with only sand as aggregate were also made. The total porosity and pore size distributions were obtained. The non-steady-state chloride migration coefficient and compressive and flexural strengths were also determined. The tests were performed at 28 days and 1 year. The differences in the total porosity between the natural cork and expanded clay series were not high, depending on the binder. Natural cork mortars showed similar or slightly higher migration coefficients than the reference and expanded clay mortars at 1 year. This adequate chloride resistance and the low mechanical strengths observed for the natural cork mortars recommend the possible use of this new aggregate in non-structural cement-based materials for civil engineering works exposed to maritime environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse10091174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T00:22:48Z","timestamp":1661300568000},"page":"1174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Chloride Ingress Resistance, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Lightweight Mortars with Natural Cork and Expanded Clay Prepared Using Sustainable Blended Cements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1038-8638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Marcos","family":"Ortega","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Civil, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. Correos 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8648-678X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando G.","family":"Branco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISISE, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, R. Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8913-8836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISISE, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, R. Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISISE, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, R. Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"87","article-title":"Embodied energy and carbon in construction materials","volume":"161","author":"Hammond","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Energy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1515\/eng-2019-0017","article-title":"Rehabilitation of buildings as an alternative to sustainability in Brazilian constructions","volume":"9","author":"Qualharini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1177\/0734242X12471707","article-title":"Construction and demolition waste indicators","volume":"31","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Waste Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.123558","article-title":"The past and future of sustainable concrete: A critical review and new strategies on cement-based materials","volume":"281","author":"Kurda","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"e00733","article-title":"Potential applications of geopolymer concrete in construction: A review","volume":"15","author":"Almutairi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.059","article-title":"Concrete based on recycled aggregates\u2014Recycling and environmental analysis: A case study of paris\u2019 region","volume":"157","author":"Fraj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2016.06.008","article-title":"Evaluation of recycled concrete aggregates for their suitability in construction activities: An experimental study","volume":"60","author":"Puthussery","year":"2017","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.11.143","article-title":"Environmental impacts and mechanical properties of lightweight concrete containing bauxite residue (red mud)","volume":"172","author":"Nikbin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.125680","article-title":"Synergetic effect of biomass fly ash on improvement of high-volume coal fly ash concrete properties","volume":"314","author":"Teixeira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.126235","article-title":"Evaluation of self-compacting concretes produced with ternary and quaternary blends of different SCM and hydrated-lime","volume":"320","author":"Fonseca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"23","article-title":"Fly ash, slag, silica fume, and rice-husk ash in concrete. A review","volume":"15","author":"Malhotra","year":"1993","journal-title":"Concr. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2003.03.001","article-title":"Fly ash effects","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.165","article-title":"Use of silica fume and natural volcanic ash as a replacement to Portland cement: Micro and pore structural investigation using NMR, XRD, FTIR and X-ray microtomography","volume":"158","author":"Palkovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.263","article-title":"Effect of using glass powder as cement replacement on rheological and mechanical properties of cement paste","volume":"179","author":"Elaqra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.06.010","article-title":"Effect of glass powders on the mechanical and durability properties of cementitious materials","volume":"98","author":"Kamali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"628","article-title":"Performance of slag concrete in marine environment","volume":"105","author":"Thomas","year":"2008","journal-title":"ACI Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2015.07.079","article-title":"Valorization of co-combustion fly ash in concrete production","volume":"85","author":"Faleschini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2009.08.045","article-title":"Mechanical and durability properties of high performance concretes containing supplementary cementitious materials","volume":"24","author":"Elahi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.08.036","article-title":"Influence of using slag cement on the microstructure and durability related properties of cement grouts for micropiles","volume":"38","author":"Ortega","year":"2013","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"585","article-title":"Effect of supplementary cementitious materials on rheological properties, bleeding, and strength of structural grout","volume":"105","author":"Khayat","year":"2008","journal-title":"ACI Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e097","DOI":"10.3989\/mc.2016.10815","article-title":"Influence of the synergy between mineral additions and Portland cement in the physical-mechanical properties of ternary binders","volume":"66","author":"Fernandez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Constr."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Bilek, V., and Fiala, C. (2013). Sustainability of concrete elements from concrete with ternary binders. Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.09.037","article-title":"Utilization of fine recycled aggregates in concrete with fly ash and steel slag","volume":"50","author":"Anastasiou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(99)00153-2","article-title":"Effect of fly ash on Portland cement systems","volume":"29","author":"Papadakis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2009.02.040","article-title":"Durability properties of concrete containing 50% and 65% slag","volume":"23","author":"Bouikni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.158","article-title":"Mechanical and microstructural properties of self-compacting concrete blended with metakaolin, ground granulated blast-furnace slag and fly ash","volume":"146","author":"Dadsetan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1520\/CCA10203J","article-title":"Influence of Pozzolanic, Slag, and Chemical Admixtures on Pore Size Distribution and Permeability of Hardened Cement Pastes","volume":"3","author":"Wedding","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Aggreg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2004.07.003","article-title":"Effect of fly ash fineness on compressive strength and pore size of blended cement paste","volume":"27","author":"Chindaprasirt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2021.106396","article-title":"Towards ternary binders involving limestone additions\u2014A review","volume":"143","author":"Dhandapani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1108\/WJE-12-2020-0650","article-title":"Mix design of high performance concrete with different mineral additions","volume":"18","author":"Hadji","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1680\/jadcr.18.00133","article-title":"Effects of packing density and water film thickness on fresh and hardened properties of ternary cement pastes","volume":"32","author":"Marchetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Cem. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.04.001","article-title":"On the use of lightweight mortars for the minimization of impact sound transmission","volume":"45","author":"Branco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"207","article-title":"Cork concrete mechanical behavior under high temperatures","volume":"37","author":"Belgas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Hous. Sci. Its Appl."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.121604","article-title":"Evaluation of sugarcane bagasse ash for lightweight aggregates production","volume":"271","author":"Souza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2006.11.019","article-title":"Water vapour sorption experiments on hardened cementitious materials","volume":"37","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2005.07.001","article-title":"Compressive strength, chloride diffusivity and pore structure of high performance metakaolin and silica fume concrete","volume":"20","author":"Poon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3176","DOI":"10.3390\/ma7043176","article-title":"Corrosion behavior of steel reinforcement in concrete with recycled aggregates, fly ash and spent cracking catalyst","volume":"7","author":"Zornoza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.237","article-title":"Long-term corrosion performance of blended cement concrete in the marine environment\u2014A real-time study","volume":"154","author":"Kwon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V\u00e1zquez, K., Rodr\u00edguez, R.R., and Esteban, M.D. (2022). Corrosion Prediction Models in the Reinforcement of Concrete Structures of Offshore Wind Farms. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse10020185"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ju, X., Wu, L., Liu, M., Jiang, H., and Zhang, W. (2022). Modelling of Chloride Concentration Profiles in Concrete by the Consideration of Concrete Material Factors under Marine Tidal Environment. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse10070917"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2004). Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures\u2014Part 1-1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings (Standard No. EN 1992-1-1)."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2011). Cement\u2014Part 1: Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements (Standard No. EN 197-1:2011)."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1","article-title":"Can cork be used as a concrete aggregate?","volume":"31","author":"Branco","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Hous. Sci. Its Appl."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(00)00370-7","article-title":"Mercury porosimetry","volume":"30","author":"Diamond","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2007.08.016","article-title":"Microstructural evolution of cemented paste backfill: Mercury intrusion porosimetry test results","volume":"37","author":"Ouellet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2010.03.011","article-title":"Analysis of strength development in cement-stabilized silty clay from microstructural considerations","volume":"24","author":"Horpibulsuk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.112","article-title":"Analysis of strength development in cement-treated soils under different curing conditions through microstructural and chemical investigations","volume":"166","author":"Ho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3208\/sandf.49.85","article-title":"Role of fly ash on strength and microstructure development in blended cement stabilized silty clay","volume":"49","author":"Horpibulsuk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soils Found."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.04.012","article-title":"The pore structure of cement paste blended with fly ash","volume":"45","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"(1999). Concrete, Mortar and Cement-Based Repair Materials: Chloride Migration Coefficient from Non-Steady-State Migration Experiments (Standard No. NT Build 492)."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"(1999). Methods of test for mortar for masonry\u2014Part 11: Determination of flexural and compressive strength of hardened mortar (Standard No. EN 1015-11:1999)."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"e00879","article-title":"Characterization of novel lightweight self-compacting cement composites with incorporated expanded glass, aerogel, zeolite and fly ash","volume":"16","author":"Adhikary","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/0950-0618(95)00014-3","article-title":"Benefits of slag and fly ash","volume":"10","author":"Bijen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez-Gos\u00e1lvez, J., Real-Herraiz, T., and Ortega, J.M. (2021). Microstructure, durability and mechanical properties of mortars prepared using ternary binders with addition of slag, fly ash and limestone. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11146388"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acme.2014.06.002","article-title":"Impedance spectroscopy study of the effect of environmental conditions in the microstructure development of OPC and slag cement mortars","volume":"15","author":"Ortega","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(98)00115-X","article-title":"Effect of temperature on the hydration of the main clinker phases in Portland cements: Part I, neat cements","volume":"28","author":"Sharp","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(98)00107-0","article-title":"Effect of temperature on the hydration of the main clinker phasesin Portland cements: Part II, blended cements","volume":"28","author":"Sharp","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.12.012","article-title":"Potential use of binary and composite limestone cements in concrete production","volume":"58","author":"Meddah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.02.075","article-title":"Effects of metakaolin, silica fume and slag on pore structure, interfacial transition zone and compressive strength of concrete","volume":"44","author":"Duan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2006.08.013","article-title":"Effect of curing conditions on the mortars with and without GGBFS","volume":"22","year":"2008","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2009.10.003","article-title":"Utilization of fly ash with silica fume and properties of Portland cement\u2013fly ash\u2013silica fume concrete","volume":"89","author":"Nochaiya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2007.03.026","article-title":"Use of binary and ternary blends in high strength concrete","volume":"22","author":"Erdem","year":"2008","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2004.08.002","article-title":"Red mud addition in the raw meal for the production of Portland cement clinker","volume":"116","author":"Tsakiridis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"63","article-title":"Use of supplementary cementing materials to increase the resistance to chloride ion penetration of concretes cured at elevated temperatures","volume":"91","author":"Detwiler","year":"1994","journal-title":"ACI Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2005.02.005","article-title":"Relationship between average pore diameter and chloride diffusivity in various concretes","volume":"20","author":"Moon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"252","article-title":"Influence of blast furnace cements on durability of concrete structures","volume":"92","author":"Geiseler","year":"1995","journal-title":"ACI Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2009.11.010","article-title":"Chloride transport in fly ash and glass powder modified concretes\u2014Influence of test methods on microstructure","volume":"32","author":"Jain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(00)00250-7","article-title":"An experimental study on the properties of resistance to diffusion of chloride ions of fly ash and blast furnace slag concrete","volume":"30","author":"Leng","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.08.006","article-title":"Cement-cork mortars for thermal bridges correction. Comparison with cement-EPS mortars performance","volume":"49","author":"Leal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2006.06.010","article-title":"Thermal conductivity and compressive strength of concrete incorporation with mineral admixtures","volume":"42","year":"2007","journal-title":"Build. Environ."}],"container-title":["Journal of Marine Science and Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/10\/9\/1174\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:14:15Z","timestamp":1760141655000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/10\/9\/1174"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jmse10091174"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jmse10091174","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-1312"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-1312","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]}}}