{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T07:59:29Z","timestamp":1762070369894,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]],"date-time":"2022-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"the project \u201cCementitious cork composites for improved thermal performance of pipelines for ultradeep waters\u2014SUPBSEAPIPE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031011","UIDB\/UIDP\/00134\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031011","UIDB\/UIDP\/00134\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) through COMPETE2020\u2014Operational Program Competitiveness and Internationalisation (POCI)","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031011","UIDB\/UIDP\/00134\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031011","UIDB\/UIDP\/00134\/2020"]}]},{"name":"the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia\u2014FCT)","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031011","UIDB\/UIDP\/00134\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031011","UIDB\/UIDP\/00134\/2020"]}]},{"name":"the Strategic Research Plan of the Centre for Marine Technology and Ocean Engineering","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031011","UIDB\/UIDP\/00134\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031011","UIDB\/UIDP\/00134\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia\u2014FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031011","UIDB\/UIDP\/00134\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031011","UIDB\/UIDP\/00134\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMSE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents an approach for probabilistic design and safety assessment of sandwich pipelines under external pressure. The methodology consists of the categorisation of sandwich pipeline collapse strength models based on interlayer adhesion conditions. The models are validated by comparing their predictions against collapse test data of sandwich pipelines. The accuracy of the strength models and their prediction uncertainty are used to select the best model in each category. Regarding interlayer adhesion categories, uncertainty propagation of models\u2019 predictions over a wide range is assessed by the Monte Carlo simulation method. The proposed methodology is demonstrated using a case study of a sandwich pipeline with adequate probabilistic modelling of the basic random variables. Different limit states are defined for three categories of sandwich pipelines, based on which structural reliability indices are estimated. In employing the First Order Reliability Method for sensitivity analysis, the importance of basic variables of the limit states is evaluated. Later, a parametric analysis is conducted, presenting reliability variations for several design and operational scenarios of sandwich pipelines. Finally, to achieve a uniform level of structural reliability of sandwich pipelines, a few suggestions are provided, and practical partial safety factors are calculated. The results of the present analysis can provide guidance on the probabilistic design and operational safety assessment of sandwich pipelines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse10101435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]],"date-time":"2022-10-09T01:43:11Z","timestamp":1665279791000},"page":"1435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Probabilistic Collapse Design and Safety Assessment of Sandwich Pipelines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1009-0738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Utkarsh","family":"Bhardwaj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Marine Technology and Ocean Engineering (CENTEC), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0012-2652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo Palos","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Marine Technology and Ocean Engineering (CENTEC), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8570-4263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Guedes Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Marine Technology and Ocean Engineering (CENTEC), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpvp.2020.104177","article-title":"Reliability Assessment of a Subsea Pipe-in-Pipe System for Major Failure Modes","volume":"188","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Press. Vessel. Pip."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2021). Submarine Pipeline Systems (Standard No. Standard-ST-F101). Det Norske Veritas Elendom AS."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Netto, T.A., Santos, J.M.C., and Estefen, S.F. (October, January 29). Sandwich Pipes for Ultra-Deep Waters. Proceedings of the 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference, Calgary, AB, Canada.","DOI":"10.1115\/IPC2002-27426"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2020.106606","article-title":"Collapse Pressure of Sandwich Pipes with Strain-Hardening Cementitious Composite-Part 2: A Suitable Prediction Equation","volume":"148","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Struct."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2020.106605","article-title":"Collapse Pressure of Sandwich Pipes with Strain-Hardening Cementitious Composite-Part 1: Experiments and Parametric Study","volume":"148","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Struct."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2014.02.023","article-title":"Collapse of Sandwich Pipes with PVA Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites Core under External Pressure","volume":"82","author":"An","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Castello, X., Estefen, S.F., Leon, H.R., and Fritz, M. (2007, January 2\u20134). Collapse of Sandwich Pipes with Different Annular Materials. Proceedings of the IBP-Rio Pipeline Conference & Exposition, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2018.01.019","article-title":"Numerical Study and Parametric Analysis of the Propagation Buckling Behaviour of Subsea Pipe-in-Pipe Systems","volume":"125","author":"Alrsai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Struct."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1940667","article-title":"Strength Analyses of Sandwich Pipes for Ultra Deepwaters","volume":"72","author":"Estefen","year":"2005","journal-title":"ASME J. Appl. Mech."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marstruc.2016.07.001","article-title":"Collapse Analyses of Sandwich Pipes under External Pressure Considering Inter-Layer Adhesion Behaviour","volume":"50","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mar. Struct."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Castello, X., and Estefen, S.F. (2006, January 4\u20139). Adhesion Effect on the Ultimate Strength of Sandwich Pipes. Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, Hamburg, Germany. ASME Paper No. OMAE2006-92481."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"12","article-title":"Reliability of Pipelines with Non-Uniform Corrosion","volume":"1","author":"Teixeira","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ocean Sh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpvp.2007.09.002","article-title":"Reliability of Pipelines with Corrosion Defects","volume":"85","author":"Teixeira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Press. Vessel. Pip."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpvp.2019.103982","article-title":"Reliability Assessment of Thick High Strength Pipelines with Corrosion Defects","volume":"177","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Press. Vessel. Pip."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"051601","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4042384","article-title":"Reliability Analysis of Pipelines with Local Corrosion Defects under External Pressure","volume":"141","author":"Teixeira","year":"2018","journal-title":"ASME J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.2140\/jomms.2010.5.391","article-title":"Elastic Buckling Capacity of Bonded and Unbonded Sandwich Pipes under External Hydrostatic Pressure","volume":"5","author":"Arjomandi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mech. Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00773-007-0244-y","article-title":"Exact and Simplified Estimations for Elastic Buckling Pressures of Structural Pipe-in-Pipe Cross Sections under External Hydrostatic Pressure","volume":"12","author":"Sato","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mar. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpvp.2016.09.006","article-title":"Buckling Finite Element Formulation for Sandwich Pipes under External Pressure","volume":"147","author":"Hashemian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Press. Vessel. Pip."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2016.06.003","article-title":"Finite Difference Model for the Buckling Analysis of Sandwich Pipes under External Pressure","volume":"122","author":"Hashemian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041702","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4053972","article-title":"Uncertainty in Collapse Strength Prediction of Sandwich Pipelines","volume":"144","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pasqualino, I.P., Pinheiro, B.C., and Estefen, S.F. (2002, January 23\u201328). Comparative Structural Analyses between Sandwich and Steel Pipelines for Ultra-Deep Water. Proceedings of the ASME 2002 21st International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, Oslo, Norway. ASME Paper No. OMAE2002-28455.","DOI":"10.1115\/OMAE2002-28455"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castello, X., Estefen, S.F., Leon, H.R., Chad, L.C., and Souza, J. (June, January 31). Design Aspects and Benefits of Sandwich Pipes for Ultra Deepwaters. Proceedings of the ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1115\/OMAE2009-79528"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2006.09.015","article-title":"Limit Strength and Reeling Effects of Sandwich Pipes with Bonded Layers","volume":"49","author":"Castello","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castello, X., and Estefen, S.F. (2008, January 5\u20138). Sandwich Pipes for Ultra Deepwater Applications. Proceedings of the Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.2118\/19704-MS"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marstruc.2010.12.001","article-title":"A New Look at the External Pressure Capacity of Sandwich Pipes","volume":"24","author":"Arjomandi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Struct."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpvp.2011.02.002","article-title":"Stability and Post-Buckling Response of Sandwich Pipes under Hydrostatic External Pressure","volume":"88","author":"Arjomandi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Press. Vessel. Pip."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2011.06.006","article-title":"The Influence of Intra-Layer Adhesion Configuration on the Pressure Capacity and Optimized Configuration of Sandwich Pipes","volume":"38","author":"Arjomandi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apor.2015.04.004","article-title":"On the External Pressure Capacity of Deepwater Sandwich Pipes with Inter-Layer Adhesion Conditions","volume":"52","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Ocean Res."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2022, May 25). SMLH Eureqa Version 0.98 Beta. Available online: https:\/\/www.nutonian.com."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melchers, R.E., and Beck, A.T. (2018). Structural Reliability\u2014Analysis and Prediction, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119266105"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Ditlevsen, O., and Madsen, H.O. (2005). Structural Reliability Methods, John Wiley & Sons Ltd."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Ang, A.H.S., and Tang, W.H. (2006). Probability Concepts in Engineering: Emphasis on Applications to Civil and Environmental Engineering, John Wiley & Sons Inc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2018.08.033","article-title":"Buckle Propagation of Sandwich Pipes under External Pressure","volume":"175","author":"Gong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1080\/17445300903169176","article-title":"The Application of Reliability Methods in the Design of Stiffened FRP Composite Panels for Marine Vessels","volume":"4","author":"Blake","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ships Offshore Struct."}],"container-title":["Journal of Marine Science and Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/10\/10\/1435\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:46:56Z","timestamp":1760143616000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/10\/10\/1435"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["jmse10101435"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jmse10101435","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-1312"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2077-1312"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]]}}}