{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T10:32:16Z","timestamp":1762079536195,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation of Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMSE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work aimed at testing the capability of the numerical model SWASH to be implemented in the prototype of the overtopping and flooding forecast system HIDRALERTA for Ericeira harbour. In contrast to the neural network NN_OVERTOPPING2, which is currently implemented in HIDRALERTA, SWASH is able to estimate the flood extension and wave propagation along the domain, which makes it a possible improvement to NN_OVERTOPPING2. The one-dimensional version of the SWASH model was implemented to simulate overtopping at two different profiles (antifer and tetrapods) and calibrated for three storms in 2019 by comparing the simulated overtopping discharge to NN_OVERTOPPING2 results. For the calibration, the Manning coefficient was used to represent the friction of the armour layer. Then, for operational purposes, four expressions to calculate the Manning coefficient were developed based on: the relative crest freeboard, the wave steepness, the incident wave angle and the type of armour layer. The expressions showed small errors between the calculated and calibrated Manning coefficients and highlighted the importance of the incident wave angle to obtain an accurate calibration. Despite an underestimation of the overtopping discharge in some cases, the SWASH model was found to provide overall good results when applied with calculated Manning coefficients and suitable to be implemented in HIDRALERTA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse10121881","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T02:56:26Z","timestamp":1670208986000},"page":"1881","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Application of SWASH to Compute Wave Overtopping in Ericeira Harbour for Operational Purposes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Anika","family":"Manz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC), 1700-111 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Catarina","family":"Z\u00f3zimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC), 1700-111 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7641-4144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan L.","family":"Garzon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMA\u2014Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2021.102534","article-title":"A Coastal Flooding Database from 1980 to 2018 for the Continental Portuguese Coastal Zone","volume":"135","author":"Tavares","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Fortes, C., Reis, M.T., Poseiro, P., Capit\u00e3o, R., Santos, J., Pinheiro, L., Craveiro, J., Rodrigues, A., Sabino, A., and Ferreira Silva, S. (2014, January 21\u201326). HIDRALERTA Project\u2014A Flood Forecast and Alert System in Coastal and Port Areas. Proceedings of the IWA \u2013 World Water Congress & Exhibition, Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2016.11.003","article-title":"Wave Overtopping at Berm Breakwaters: Review and Sensitivity Analysis of Prediction Models","volume":"120","author":"Pillai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Coast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Field, C.B., Barros, V., Stocker, T.F., and Dahe, Q. (2012). Climate Change: New Dimensions in Disaster Risk, Exposure, Vulnerability, and Resilience. Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139177245"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2017.10.007","article-title":"Introduction to RISC-KIT: Resilience-Increasing Strategies for Coasts","volume":"134","author":"Ciavola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Coast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1","article-title":"A new generation of early warning systems for coastal risk. the icoast project","volume":"1","author":"Gracia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Coast. Eng. Proc."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Poseiro, P. (2019). Forecast and Early Warning System for Wave Overtopping and Flooding in Coastal and Harbour Areas: Development of a Model and Risk Assessment, IST-UNL."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1080\/14634988.2020.1807295","article-title":"The HIDRALERTA System: Application to the Ports of Madalena Do Pico and S. Roque Do Pico, Azores","volume":"23","author":"Fortes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquat. Ecosyst. Health Manag."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"37","article-title":"Risk Forecast System for Moored Ships","volume":"36","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vicce Virtual Int. Conf. Coast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, M.I., Pinheiro, L., Fortes, J.C.E.M., Reis, M.T., Serrazina, V., Azevedo, E.B., Reis, F.V., and Salvador, M. (2020, January 16\u201319). Simulation of Hurricane Lorenzo at the Port of Madalena Do Pico, Azores, by Using the HIDRALERTA System. Proceedings of the MARTECH 5th International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003216599-89"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Z\u00f3zimo, A.C., Ferreira, A.M., Pinheiro, L., Fortes, C.J.E., and Baliko, M. (2021, January 6\u201310). Implementa\u00e7\u00e3o Do Sistema HIDRALERTA Para a Zona Costeira Da Costa Da Caparica. Proceedings of the X Congresso sobre Planeamento e Gest\u00e3o das Zonas Costeiras dos Pa\u00edses de Express\u00e3o Portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Coeveld, E.M., Van Gent, M.R.A., and Pozueta, B. (2005). Neural Network Manual for NN_Overtopping Program, Technical Report, TU Delft."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Fortes, C.J.E. (2002). Transforma\u00e7\u00f5es N\u00e3o-Lineares de Ondas Mar\u00edtimas Em Zonas Portu\u00e1rias. An\u00e1lise Pelo M\u00e9todo Dos Elementos Finitos. [Ph.D. Thesis, Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia Civil]."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Flater, D. (2021, December 15). Xtide. Available online: https:\/\/flaterco.com\/xtide."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2013.04.007","article-title":"Numerical Simulation of Wave Overtopping at Coastal Dikes and Low-Crested Structures by Means of a Shock-Capturing Boussinesq Model","volume":"79","author":"Tonelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Coast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"EurOtop (2021, December 15). Manual on Wave Overtopping of Sea Defences and Related Structures. An Overtopping Manual Largely Based on European Research, but for Worldwide Application.; Van der Meer, J.W., Allsop, N.W.H., Bruce, T., De Rouck, J., Kortenhaus, A., Pullen, T., Sch\u00fcttrumpf, H., Troch, P., Zanuttigh, B., Eds. EurOtop. Available online: http:\/\/www.overtopping-manual.com."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2017.01.009","article-title":"Efficient and Robust Wave Overtopping Estimation for Impermeable Coastal Structures in Shallow Foreshores Using SWASH","volume":"122","author":"Suzuki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Coast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2011.05.015","article-title":"SWASH: An Operational Public Domain Code for Simulating Wave Fields and Rapidly Varied Flows in Coastal Waters","volume":"58","author":"Zijlema","year":"2011","journal-title":"Coast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suzuki, T., Verwaest, T., Veale, W., Trouw, K., and Zijlema, M. (2012). A numerical study on the effect of beach nourishment on wave overtopping in shallow foreshores. Coast. Eng. Proc., 1.","DOI":"10.9753\/icce.v33.waves.50"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Structures.3","DOI":"10.9753\/icce.v34.structures.3","article-title":"Two-dimensional wave overtopping calculation over a dike in shallow foreshore by swash","volume":"1","author":"Suzuki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Coast. Eng. Proc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, N., Zhang, Q., Wang, K.-H., Zou, G., Jiang, X., Yang, A., and Li, Y. (2020). Numerical Simulation of Wave Overtopping on Breakwater with an Armor Layer of Accropode Using SWASH Model. Water, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/w12020386"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2018.01.011","article-title":"Effects of Submerged Berms on the Stability of Conventional Rubble Mound Breakwaters","volume":"136","author":"Celli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Coast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceano.2015.07.002","article-title":"Numerical Study of Wave Transmission over Double Submerged Breakwaters Using Non-Hydrostatic Wave Model","volume":"57","author":"Liang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oceanologia"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Hor\u00e1nyi, A., Mu\u00f1oz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., and Rozum, I. (2018). ERA5 Hourly Data on Single Levels from 1959 to Present, Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS)."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Swan Team (2006). Swan User Manual, 40.51., Department of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft university of Technology."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"P\u00e9s, V.M. (2013). Applicability and Limitations of the SWASH Model to Predict Wave Overtopping, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Salas P\u00e9rez, M. (2014). Overtopping over a Real Rubble Mound Breakwater Calculated with SWASH, Delft University of Technology."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"TAW (2002). Technisch Rapport Golfoploop En Golfoverslag Bij Dijken (Technical Report on Wave Run-up and Wave Overtopping at Dikes\u2014In Dutch), Technical Advisory Committee on Flood Defence."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"24","article-title":"Rubble mound breakwater stability under oblique waves: And experimental study","volume":"1","author":"Galland","year":"1994","journal-title":"Coast. Eng. Proc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.9753\/icce.v34.structures.5","article-title":"Comparison of numerical models for wave overtopping and impact on a sea wall","volume":"1","author":"Vanneste","year":"2014","journal-title":"Coast. Eng. Proc."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Manz, A. (2021). Application of SWASH to Determine Overtopping during Storm Events in the Port of Ericeira and Its Introduction into HIDRALERTA System, Universidade do Algarve."}],"container-title":["Journal of Marine Science and Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/10\/12\/1881\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:33:33Z","timestamp":1760146413000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/10\/12\/1881"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jmse10121881"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jmse10121881","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-1312"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2077-1312"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]]}}}