{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T05:20:44Z","timestamp":1768540844684,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMSE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Worldwide, artificial nourishments are being considered as one of the main coastal erosion mitigation measures. However, this solution is not permanent, since the natural removal of sediments that occurs after the sand deposition leads to the need of re-nourishment projects; thus, its performance and longevity dependent on several design parameters (placement site and extension alongshore, frequency, and volume, etc.) In this work, a methodological approach for cost\u2013benefit assessment is applied to analyze the performance of artificial nourishments from a physical and economical point of view, by analyzing the effectiveness of different scenarios. The study was developed considering two study areas: a hypothetical situation (generic study area) and a real coastal stretch (Barra-Vagueira, located in the Portuguese west coast). The findings show the complexity in defining the best nourishment option, being dependent on the wave climate, site specific conditions, and main goal of the intervention. The proposed cost\u2013benefit approach allows one to obtain and compare the physical and economic performance of artificial nourishments to mitigate coastal erosion, aiding the decision-making processes related to coastal planning and management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse10121906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T08:10:57Z","timestamp":1670227857000},"page":"1906","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A Cost\u2013Benefit Approach to Discuss Artificial Nourishments to Mitigate Coastal Erosion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7858-2272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Coelho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"RISCO & Civil Engineering Department, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8792-8607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rcia","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RISCO & Civil Engineering Department, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Dreams & Faculty of Natural Sciences, Engineering and Technologies, Lusophone University of Porto, Rua de Augusto Rosa 24, 4000-098 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5609-0223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RISCO & Civil Engineering Department, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"CESAM & Civil Engineering Department, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"The state of the world\u2019s beaches","volume":"6641","author":"Luijendijk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"NRC (1995). National Research Council: Beach Nourishment and Protection, The National Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"ASBPA (2007). Shore Protection Assessment: How Beach Nourishment Projects Work, Shore Protection Assessment; US Army Corps of Engineers."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2015.10.011","article-title":"Initial Spreading of a Mega Feeder Nourishment: Observations of the Sand Engine Pilot Project","volume":"111","author":"Ruessink","year":"2016","journal-title":"Coast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Coelho, C. (2005). Riscos de Exposi\u00e7\u00e3o de Frentes Urbanas para Diferentes Interven\u00e7\u00f5es de Defesa Costeira. [PhD Thesis, University of Aveiro]. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"ANCORIM (2017). Overview of Soft Coastal Protection Solutions, BRGM\/ONF."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Lima, M. (2018). Ferramenta Num\u00e9rica de An\u00e1lise do Impacto de Interven\u00e7\u00f5es de Defesa Costeira na Evolu\u00e7\u00e3o da Linha de Costa: Custos e Benef\u00edcios. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Aveiro]. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coelho, C., Narra, P., Marinho, B., and Lima, M. (2018). Coastal management software to support the decision-makers to mitigate coastal erosion. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse8010037"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Adapt (2022, January 10). European Climate Adaptation Platform Climate. European Commision and European Environment Agency. Available online: https:\/\/climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3839(02)00127-8","article-title":"A summary of European experience with shore nourishment","volume":"47","author":"Hamm","year":"2002","journal-title":"Coast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Zandmotor Monitoring (2022, January 23). Rijkswaterstaat Ministerie van Infrastructuur en Waterstaat. Available online: https:\/\/dezandmotor.nl\/."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1415","article-title":"Coastal erosion and coastal defense interventions: A cost-benefit analysis","volume":"Special Issue 64","author":"Roebeling","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Zerbe, R., and Dively, D. (1994). Benefit-Cost Analysis in Theory and Practice, Harper Collins College Publishers."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2019.103614","article-title":"An integrated Physical and Cost Benefit Approach to Assess Groins as a Coastal Erosion Mitigation Strategy","volume":"156","author":"Lima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Coast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Lima, M., Coelho, C., and Cachim, P. (2013, January 29\u201331). Programing methods for pre-design of coastal structures. Proceedings of the V International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering, Hamburg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Penning-Rowsell, E., Green, C., Thompson, P., Coker, A., Tunstall, S., Richards, C., and Parker, D. (1992). The Economics of Coastal Management: A Manual of Benefit Assessment Techniques, Belhaven Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Coelho, C., Taveira Pinto, F., Veloso Gomes, F., and Pais-Barbosa, J. (2004, January 19\u201324). Coastal Evolution and Coastal Works in the Southern Part of Aveiro Lagoon Inlet, Portugal. Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Coastal Enginnering, Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"3430","article-title":"Shoreline coastal evolution model: Two Portuguese case","volume":"Volume 5","author":"Coelho","year":"2007","journal-title":"Coast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.2112\/SI65-356.1","article-title":"Relationship between cross-shore active profile and one-line shoreline evolution models performance","volume":"2","author":"Coelho","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2015.12.003","article-title":"Groin impacts on updrift morphology: Physical and numerical study","volume":"109","author":"Lima","year":"2016","journal-title":"Coast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"5","article-title":"LTC shoreline evolution model: Assumptions, evolution, validation and application","volume":"17","author":"Lima","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Integr. Coast. Zone Manag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, M., and Coelho, C. (2021). Artificial nourishments effects on longshore sediments transport. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse9030240"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"French, P. (2001). Coastal Defences: Processes, Problems and Solutions, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203187630"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dean, R. (2002). Beach Nourishment Theory and Practise, World Scientific.","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812791412"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Haney, R., Kouloheras, L., Malkoski, V., Mahala, J., and Unger, Y. (2007). Beach Nourishment MassDEP\u2019s Guide to Best Management Practices for Projects in Massachusetts, Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection and Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Carvalho, R., Afonso, C., Figueira, P., Pound, M., Coelho, C., Silva, P., and Afonso, A. (2021). Estudo de Viabilidade de Transposi\u00e7\u00e3o Aluvionar das Barras de Aveiro e da Figueira da Foz\u2013Relat\u00f3rio Intercalar 3, Tarefa 6, University of Aveiro. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Coelho, C., Silva Afonso, A., Bernardes, C., Silva, P.A., Baptista, P., Roebeling, P., F\u00e9rnadez Fern\u00e1ndez, S., Abreu, T., Oliveira, T., and Ferreira, M. (2021). Estudo de Viabilidade de Transposi\u00e7\u00e3o Aluvionar das Barras de Aveiro e da Figueira da Foz\u2013Sum\u00e1rio Executivo, University of Aveiro. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"53","article-title":"Equilibrium beach profiles: Characteristics and applications","volume":"7","author":"Dean","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"CERC (1984). Shore Protection Manual, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Coastal Engineering and Research Center. U.S. Government Printing Office."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/387253a0","article-title":"The value of the world\u2019s ecosystem services and natural capital","volume":"387","author":"Costanza","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.002","article-title":"Changes in the global value of ecosystem services","volume":"26","author":"Costanza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2017.10.027","article-title":"Efficiency in the design of coastal erosion adaptation strategies: An environmental-economic modelling approach","volume":"160","author":"Roebeling","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocean. Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Lima, M., and Coelho, C. (2019, January 13\u201315). Improvement of an existing shoreline evolution numerical model. Proceedings of the VIII International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering, Goteborg, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"237","article-title":"Gest\u00e3o da zona costeira: O desafio da mudan\u00e7a","volume":"1","author":"Santos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Relat\u00f3rio Grupo Trab. Litoral"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"22","article-title":"Coastline evolution of Portuguese low-lying sandy coast in the last 50 years: An integrated approach","volume":"8","author":"Lira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"66","article-title":"Alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o artificial de praias na faixa costeira de Portugal continental: Enquadramento e retrospetiva das interven\u00e7\u00f5es realizadas (1950\u20132017). Relat\u00f3rio T\u00e9cnico","volume":"1","author":"Pinto","year":"2018","journal-title":"APA\u2013Port. Environ. Agency"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2020.105211","article-title":"Beach nourishment practice in mainland Portugal (1950-2017): Overview and retrospective","volume":"192","author":"Pinto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocean. Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"COSMO (2022, January 20). Coastal Monitoring Programme of Continental Portugal: COSMO. APA\u2013Portuguese Environment Agency. Available online: https:\/\/cosmo.apambiente.pt\/."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Ferreira, M., Fern\u00e1ndez-Fern\u00e1ndez, S., Coelho, C., and Silva, P.A. (2021, January 22\u201326). Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o de tempestades e da deriva litoral no litoral de Aveiro, em cen\u00e1rios de altera\u00e7\u00f5es clim\u00e1ticas. Proceedings of the XV Congresso Da \u00c1gua, Lisbon, Portugal. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, M., Coelho, C., Lima, M., Bernardes, C., Baptista, P., Silva, P.A., Carvalho, R., Pound, M., and Pinto, C. (2022, January 4\u20139). Feasibility study of sand bypass at Aveiro and Figueira da Foz inlets. Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Coastal Engineering, Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.9753\/icce.v37.papers.65"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Ferreira, M., Lima, M., Coelho, C., Nolasco, A., Cardoso, A., Rocha, B., Narra, P., Silva, P., Carvalho, R., and Pound, M. (2022, January 7\u20138). An\u00e1lise custo-benef\u00edcio de solu\u00e7\u00f5es de transposi\u00e7\u00e3o de sedimentos. Proceedings of the 10as Jornadas de Engenharia Costeira e Portu\u00e1ria, Sines, Portugal. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"COS: Carta de Uso e Ocupa\u00e7\u00e3o do Solo\u20132018 (2021, February 05). Dire\u00e7\u00e3o-Geral do Territ\u00f3rio. Available online: http:\/\/mapas.dgterritorio.pt\/DGT-ATOM-download\/COS_Final\/COS2018_v1\/COS2018_v1.zip."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Breil, M., Catenacci, M., and Travisi1, C. (2007, January 27\u201328). Impatti del Cambiamento Cimatico Sulle Zone Costiere: Quantificazione Economica di Ompatti e di Misure di Sdattamento\u2013Sintesi di Risultati e Indicazioni Metodologiche per la Ricerca Futura. In Proceedings of the APAT Workshop on \u201cCambiamenti Climatici e Ambiente Marino-Costiero: Scenari Futuri per un Programma Nazionale di Adattamento\", Palermo, Italy."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taborda, R., Magalh\u00e3es, F., and \u00c2ngelo, C. (2005). Evaluation of Coastal Defence Strategies in Portugal. Environmentally Friendly Coastal Protection, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-3301-X_17"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2013.10.020","article-title":"A simplified approach for simulating changes in beach habitat due to the combined effects of long-term sea level rise, storm erosion, and nourishment","volume":"52","author":"Chu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2015.04.001","article-title":"Valuating the effects of beach erosion to tourism revenue. A management perspective","volume":"111","author":"Alexandrakis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ocean. Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s10640-006-9048-5","article-title":"Economy-wide Estimates of the Implications of Climate Change: Sea Level Rise","volume":"37","author":"Bosello","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Resour. Econ."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"223","article-title":"Threat of sea level rise: Costs and benefits of adaptation in European union coastal countries","volume":"SI 56","author":"Costa","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011136417375","article-title":"Estimates of the Economic Effects of Sea Level Rise","volume":"19","author":"Darwin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Resour. Econ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2006.10.022","article-title":"The coasts of our world: Ecological, economic and social importance","volume":"63","author":"Intralawan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2015.03.012","article-title":"Valuation of the ecosystem services of beach nourishment in decision-making: The case study of Tarquinia Lido, Italy","volume":"111","author":"Martino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ocean. Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/wcc.90","article-title":"The economics of adaptation along developed coastlines","volume":"2","author":"Neumann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2007.05.006","article-title":"A cost\u2013benefit appraisal of coastal managed realignment policy","volume":"17","author":"Turner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Change"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Roebeling, P.C., Rocha, J., Alves, F., and Vizinho, A. (2015). Cost-Benefit Analysis of Coastal Erosion Adaptation Pathways along the Barra-Vagueira Coastal Stretch, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro. Technical Report Prepared in the Context of the Project BASE (Bottom-Up Climate Adaptation Strategies for a Sustainable Europe)."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2006.1754","article-title":"(2006). Impacts and responses to sea-level rise: A global analysis of the SRES scenarios over the twenty-first century","volume":"364","author":"Nicholls","year":"2006","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz, M.L. (2005). Numerical modelling. Encyclopedia of Coastal Science, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-3880-1"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burcharth, H., Hawkins, S., Zanuttigh, B., and Lamberti, A. (2007). Environmental Design Guidelines for Low Crested Coastal Structures: Design Tools Related to Engineering, Elsevier Science.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-008044951-7\/50033-6"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.2112\/SI95-041.1","article-title":"Numerical modelling of artificial sediment nourishment impacts","volume":"95","author":"Coelho","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2016.05.009","article-title":"Simulating cross shore material exchange at decadal scale. Theory and model component validation","volume":"116","author":"Larson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Coast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lima, M., Coelho, C., Alves, F., and Marto, M. (2021). Base de Dados #2\u2013Impactos de Medidas de Mitiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Adapta\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 Eros\u00e3o Costeira e \u00e0s Altera\u00e7\u00f5es Clim\u00e1ticas, University of Aveiro. Available online: http:\/\/incca.web.ua.pt\/index.php\/base-de-dados-2\/.","DOI":"10.5894\/rh42n1-cti7"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Noordegraaf, I. (2020). Economic Valuation of Increased Beach Width at Praia da Vagueira (Central Portugal). [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Aveiro]."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Passeri, D., Bilskie, M., Hagen, S., Mickey, R., Dalyander, P., and Gonzales, V. (2021). Assessing the effectiveness of nourishments in decadal barrier island morphological resilience. Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13070944"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.5950\/0738-1360-28.3.221","article-title":"Valuing beach width for recreational use: Combining revealed and stated preference data","volume":"28","author":"Parson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar. Resour. Econ."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2020.102364","article-title":"Economic values of coastal erosion management: Joint estimation of use and existence values with recreation demand and contingent valuation data","volume":"103","author":"Landry","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Econ. Manag."}],"container-title":["Journal of Marine Science and Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/10\/12\/1906\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:34:24Z","timestamp":1760146464000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/10\/12\/1906"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jmse10121906"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jmse10121906","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-1312"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-1312","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]}}}