{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T10:32:21Z","timestamp":1777717941969,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FEDER","award":["M3.1.a\/F\/100\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M3.1.a\/F\/100\/2015"]}]},{"name":"SCAPETOUR","award":["M3.1.a\/F\/100\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M3.1.a\/F\/100\/2015"]}]},{"name":"Regional Government of the Azores","award":["M3.1.a\/F\/100\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M3.1.a\/F\/100\/2015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMSE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic heavy metal particularly susceptible to mobilization by anthropogenic and natural processes. The volcanic nature of oceanic islands in the Macaronesia geographical region such as the Azores archipelago, located near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, is reflected in deep-sea and shallow-water hydrothermal activities that release heavy metals such as Cd to seawater, affecting marine organisms and integrating food webs. In this paper, a thorough systematic review of all studies performed on coastal marine species in Macaronesia focusing on Cd was conducted, specifically considering the Azorean geological setting and socioeconomic context. Present results are compared and discussed with data from the Mediterranean, a region with apparent strong anthropogenic pollution. The Azorean marine species seem to be particularly strong Cd accumulators, displaying high levels that should be closely monitored, reflecting an important local natural source that should not be underestimated; especially considering the high consumption rates of some of these organisms, which may lead to a potential seafood safety issue. In light of these findings, the potential effects, impacts, and future research challenges are discussed, from an ecological and public health perspective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse11010100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T01:33:30Z","timestamp":1672882410000},"page":"100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Environmental Impact of Cadmium in a Volcanic Archipelago: Research Challenges Related to a Natural Pollution Source"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4452-5832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Torres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO-Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, InBIO Associate Laboratory, University of the Azores, Rua M\u00e3e de Deus, 58, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"},{"name":"BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vair\u00e3o, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5716-735X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ander Larrea","family":"Llopis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO-Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, InBIO Associate Laboratory, University of the Azores, Rua M\u00e3e de Deus, 58, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"},{"name":"BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vair\u00e3o, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7825-3858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Sousa","family":"Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO-Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, InBIO Associate Laboratory, University of the Azores, Rua M\u00e3e de Deus, 58, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"},{"name":"BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vair\u00e3o, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Geologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Dom Luiz, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"MPB\u2014Marine Palaeontology and Biogeography Laboratory, University of the Azores, Rua M\u00e3e de Deus, 58, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9851-5429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armindo","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IVAR\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Vulcanologia e Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o de Riscos, University of the Azores, Rua M\u00e3e de Deus, 58, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores, Rua M\u00e3e de Deus, 58, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2008.05.011","article-title":"Potential Human Health Risks from Metals (Hg, Cd, and Pb) and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) via Seafood Consumption: Estimation of Target Hazard Quotients (THQs) and Toxic Equivalents (TEQs)","volume":"46","author":"Storelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.11.038","article-title":"Heavy Metals Concentrations in Fish and Shellfish from Eastern Mediterranean Sea: Consumption Advisories","volume":"53","author":"Copat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2013.11.009","article-title":"Mercury and Selenium Intake by Seafood from the Ionian Sea: A Risk Evaluation","volume":"100","author":"Copat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.03.001","article-title":"Trace Elements in Seafood from the Mediterranean Sea: An Exposure Risk Assessment","volume":"115","author":"Copat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3525","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-7037(97)00179-8","article-title":"Degassing of Metals and Metalloids from Erupting Seamount and Mid-Ocean Ridge Volcanoes: Observations and Predictions","volume":"61","author":"Rubin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.02.089","article-title":"Nanoparticles of Volcanic Ash as a Carrier for Toxic Elements on the Global Scale","volume":"200","author":"Ermolin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-016-9890-5","article-title":"Natural Concentrations and Reference Values for Trace Elements in Soils of a Tropical Volcanic Archipelago","volume":"40","author":"Biondi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.07.032","article-title":"Environmental Geochemistry of Ancient Volcanic Ashes","volume":"183","author":"Ruggieri","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-019-7267-9","article-title":"Chemical Characterization of Vines Grown in Incipient Volcanic Soils of Fogo Island (Cape Verde)","volume":"191","author":"Marques","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez, P.A., Parga-Dans, E., Bl\u00e1zquez, P.A., Luzardo, O.P., Pe\u00f1a, M.L.Z., Gonz\u00e1lez, M.M.H., Rodr\u00edguez-Hern\u00e1ndez, \u00c1., and And\u00fajar, C. (2021). Elemental Composition, Rare Earths and Minority Elements in Organic and Conventional Wines from Volcanic Areas: The Canary Islands (Spain). PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258739"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112188","article-title":"Metals in Commercial Fish in the Galapagos Marine Reserve: Contribution to Food Security and Toxic Risk Assessment","volume":"286","author":"Moity","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.10.157","article-title":"Characteristics of Pristine Volcanic Materials: Beneficial and Harmful Effects and Their Management for Restoration of Agroecosystem","volume":"543","author":"Anda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbt.2014.11.004","article-title":"Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Marine Organisms from the Romanian Sector of the Black Sea","volume":"32","author":"Jitar","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2019.00829","article-title":"Significant Release of Dissolved Inorganic Nutrients From the Shallow Submarine Volcano Tagoro (Canary Islands) Based on Seven-Year Monitoring","volume":"6","author":"Tello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-015-4938-z","article-title":"Metal Enrichment of Soils Following the April 2012\u20132013 Eruptive Activity of the Popocat\u00e9petl Volcano, Puebla, Mexico","volume":"187","author":"Jonathan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"359","article-title":"Effect of Shallow-Water Venting in Azores on a Few Marine Biota","volume":"47","author":"Raghukumar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cah. Biol. Mar."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-018-0485-z","article-title":"Heavy Metals Concentration and Human Health Risk Assessment in Seven Commercial Fish Species from Asafo Market, Ghana","volume":"28","author":"Nti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.149393","article-title":"Global Iodine Status in 2011 and Trends over the Past Decade","volume":"142","author":"Andersson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Murillo-Tovar, M., Norena, H., and Saeid, A. (2020). Trace Elements in Volcanic Environments and Human Health Effects. Trace Metals in the Environment-New Approaches and Recent Advances, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"FAO (2020). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020, FAO."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2016.02.035","article-title":"Cadmium Determination in Human Biological Samples Based on Trioctylmethyl Ammonium Thiosalicylate as a Task-Specific Ionic Liquid by Dispersive Liquid\u2013Liquid Microextraction Method","volume":"218","author":"Shirkhanloo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.3109\/08958378.2015.1046201","article-title":"Development and Application of a Dosimetry Model (ExDoM2) for Calculating Internal Dose of Specific Particle-Bound Metals in the Human Body","volume":"27","author":"Chalvatzaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrow, H. (2010). Cadmium and Cadmium Alloys. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471238961.0301041303011818.a01.pub3"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nowosad, J., Kucharczyk, D., Szmyt, M., \u0141uczynska, J., Tam\u00e1s, M., and Horv\u00e1th, L. (2021). Changes in Cadmium Concentration in Muscles, Ovaries, and Eggs of Silver European Eel (Anguilla Anguilla) during Maturation under Controlled Conditions. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11041027"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2009.12.010","article-title":"Exposure of Rainbow Trout Milt to Mercury and Cadmium Alters Sperm Motility Parameters and Reproductive Success","volume":"97","author":"Dietrich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-013-9832-4","article-title":"The Effects of Cadmium and Copper on Embryonic and Larval Development of Ide Leuciscus Idus L.","volume":"40","author":"Witeska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"IARC (1993). Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds. Beryllium, Cadmium, Mercury and Exposure in the Glass Manufacturing Industry, WHO."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2003.07.011","article-title":"Cadmium Carcinogenesis","volume":"533","author":"Waalkes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"279","article-title":"Renal Health and the Environment: Heavy Metal Nephrotoxicity","volume":"32","author":"Sabath","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nefrolgia"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"11e140","article-title":"Geologia Dos A\u00e7ores: Uma Perspectiva Actual","volume":"10","author":"Cruz","year":"2003","journal-title":"A\u00e7oreana"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.5894\/rgci584","article-title":"Shallow-Water Hydrothermal Vents in the Azores (Portugal)","volume":"15","author":"Couto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. De Gest\u00e3o Costeira Integr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2008.11.021","article-title":"Baseline Metal Concentrations in Marine Algae from S\u00e3o Miguel (Azores) under Different Ecological Conditions\u2014Urban Proximity and Shallow Water Hydrothermal Activity","volume":"58","author":"Wallenstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Dion\u00edsio, M.A.M. (2013). Megabalanus Azoricus (Pilsbry, 1916): Building a Scientific Basis for Its Management. [Ph.D. Thesis, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade dos A\u00e7ores]."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125177","article-title":"The Azorean Edible Abalone Haliotis Tuberculata, an Alternative Heavy Metal-Free Marine Resource?","volume":"242","author":"Torres","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1130\/B31538.1","article-title":"Emergence and Evolution of Santa Maria Island (Azores)\u2014The Conundrum of Uplifted Islands Revisited","volume":"129","author":"Ramalho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Am. Bull."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2015.06.008","article-title":"Catastrophic Flank Collapses and Slumping in Pico Island during the Last 130 Kyr (Pico-Faial Ridge, Azores Triple Junction)","volume":"302","author":"Costa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laughton, A.S., and Whitmarsh, R.B. (1974). The Azores-Gibraltar Plate Boundary. Geodynamics of Iceland and the North Atlantic Area, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-010-2271-2_5"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(74)90061-2","article-title":"Some Characteristics of the Rift Valley in the Atlantic Ocean near 36\u00b0 48\u2032 North","volume":"22","author":"Needham","year":"1974","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(80)90221-6","article-title":"Tectonic Pattern of the Azores Spreading Centre and Triple Junction","volume":"51","author":"Searle","year":"1980","journal-title":"Earth Planet Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1144\/M44.4","article-title":"Chapter 4 Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions in the Azores Region: Geodynamic Implications from Major Historical Events and Instrumental Seismicity","volume":"44","author":"Gaspar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Lond. Mem."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Santos, R.S., Cola\u00e7o, A., and Christiansen, S. (2003). Planning the Management of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Fields MPA in the Azores Triple Junction. Arquip\u00e9lago. Life and Marine Sciences, University of the Azores."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Menezes, G.M. (2003). Demersal Fish Assemblages in the Atlantic Archipelagos of the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde, Ecologia Marinha, apresentada a Universidade dos Acores."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"IH (2000). Roteiro Da Costa de Portugal: Arquip\u00e9lago Dos A\u00e7ores, Instituto Hidrogr\u00e1fico. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3354\/meps07269","article-title":"Evidence of a Seamount Effect on Aggregating Visitors","volume":"357","author":"Morato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2014.07.022","article-title":"History, Effort Distribution and Landings in an Artisanal Bottom Longline Fishery: An Empirical Study from the North Atlantic Ocean","volume":"51","author":"Diogo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"89","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews","volume":"10","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Medeiros-Leal, W.M. (2020). Coastal Fisheries Resources of the Azores: An X-ray, IMAR\/Okeanos. Technical Report 1.1 of the MoniCO Program."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2021.106156","article-title":"Risk Assessment of Coastal Fisheries in the Azores (North-Eastern Atlantic)","volume":"246","author":"Torres","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fish Res."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Rona, P.A., Bostr\u00f6m, K., Laubier, L., and Smith, K.L. (2013). Hydrothermal Processes at Seafloor Spreading Centers, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2016.11.018","article-title":"Heavy Metals from Kueishantao Shallow-Sea Hydrothermal Vents, Offshore Northeast Taiwan","volume":"180","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Zeng, Z.G. (2011). Submarine Hydrothermal Geology, China Science Pubisher. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2012.06.007","article-title":"Processes Influencing Extreme As Enrichment in Shallow-Sea Hydrothermal Fluids of Milos Island, Greece","volume":"348","author":"Price","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2005.07.019","article-title":"Shallow Water Hydrothermal Vent Field Fluids and Communities of the D. Jo\u00e3o de Castro Seamount (Azores)","volume":"224","author":"Cardigos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2007.11.022","article-title":"Bioavailable Metals and Cellular Effects in the Digestive Gland of Marine Limpets Living Close to Shallow Water Hydrothermal Vents","volume":"71","author":"Cunha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"103","article-title":"Barnacles (Chthamalus Stellatus) as Biomonitors of Trace Metal Bioavailability in the Waters of Sao Miguel (Azores)","volume":"4","author":"Weeks","year":"1995","journal-title":"A\u00e7oreana Suppl."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2013.01.006","article-title":"Heavy Metal Concentrations in Edible Barnacles Exposed to Natural Contamination","volume":"91","author":"Costa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.10.022","article-title":"Crabs Tell the Difference\u2014Relating Trace Metal Content with Land Use and Landscape Attributes","volume":"144","author":"Neto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.08.187","article-title":"dos S. Bioaccumulation of Metals and PCBs in Raja Clavata","volume":"573","author":"Torres","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"12","article-title":"Mortality in the Ocean-with Lessons from Hydrothermal Vents off Kueishan Tao, Ne-Taiwan","volume":"21","author":"Dahms","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mar. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2013.07.007","article-title":"Hg Bioaccumulation in Marine Copepods around Hydrothermal Vents and the Adjacent Marine Environment in Northeastern Taiwan","volume":"74","author":"Hsiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1080\/00222933.2012.747638","article-title":"Diversity and Abnormalities of Cyclopoid Copepods around Hydrothermal Vent Fluids, Kueishantao Island, North-Eastern Taiwan","volume":"47","author":"Mantha","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nat. Hist."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2016.05.040","article-title":"A New CO 2 Vent for the Study of Ocean Acidification in the Atlantic","volume":"109","author":"Sangil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2022.113964","article-title":"The Influence of the Degassing Phase of the Tagoro Submarine Volcano (Canary Islands) on the Metal Content of Three Species of Cephalopods","volume":"182","author":"Lozano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18927","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JB900152","article-title":"Cadmium, Indium, Tin, Tellurium, and Sulfur in Oceanic Basalts: Implications for Chalcophile Element Fractionation in the Earth","volume":"105","author":"Yi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2012.06.015","article-title":"Water Column Characterisation on the Azores Platform and at the Sea Mounts South of the Archipelago","volume":"64","author":"Palma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2013.07.002","article-title":"Major and Minor Element Geochemistry of Deep-Sea Sediments in the Azores Platform and Southern Seamount Region","volume":"75","author":"Palma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(99)00363-0","article-title":"Trace Metals in Liver, Skin and Muscle of Lethrinus Lentjan Fish Species in Relation to Body Length and Sex","volume":"256","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0269-7491(02)00194-X","article-title":"The Relationships between Heavy Metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn) Levels and the Size of Six Mediterranean Fish Species","volume":"121","author":"Canli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21044","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-05365-x","article-title":"Metal Content in Mullus Surmuletus in the Canary Islands (North-West African Atlantic)","volume":"26","author":"Lozano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113856","article-title":"Evaluation on the Biomagnification or Biodilution of Trace Metals in Global Marine Food Webs by Meta-Analysis","volume":"264","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3354\/meps243295","article-title":"Interactions of Trace Metals and Different Marine Food Chains","volume":"243","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2008.03.003","article-title":"Contamination of Marine Biogenic Habitats and Effects upon Associated Epifauna","volume":"56","author":"Roberts","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2022.113625","article-title":"Seagrass and Green Macroalgae Halimeda as Biomonitoring Tools for Metal Contamination in Chuuk, Micronesia: Pollution Assessment and Bioaccumulation","volume":"178","author":"Jeong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2003.12.009","article-title":"Does the Accumulation of Trace Metals in Crustaceans Affect Their Ecology\u2014The Amphipod Example?","volume":"300","author":"Marsden","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-15-148","article-title":"Metals in Mullus Surmuletus and Pseudupeneus Prayensis from the Canary Islands (Atlantic Ocean)","volume":"78","author":"Dorta","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10557","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-8741-y","article-title":"Determination of Toxic Metals, Trace and Essentials, and Macronutrients in Sarpa Salpa and Chelon Labrosus: Risk Assessment for the Consumers","volume":"24","author":"Afonso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"479","article-title":"Metal Detoxification in Aquatic Organisms","volume":"3","author":"Mason","year":"1995","journal-title":"Met. Speciat. Bioavailab. Aquat. Syst."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-445X(03)00178-4","article-title":"Differential Metallothionein Induction Patterns in Three Freshwater Fish during Sublethal Copper Exposure","volume":"65","author":"Ngo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2004.11.024","article-title":"Fish and Mammalian Metallothioneins: A Comparative Study","volume":"345","author":"Scudiero","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0742-8413(95)02077-2","article-title":"Metallothionein and Its Role in Toxic Metal Regulation","volume":"113","author":"Roesijadi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Pharm. Toxicol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-326X(93)90576-6","article-title":"Trace Element Concentrations in Fish Livers: Implications of Variations with Fish Size in Pollution Monitoring","volume":"26","author":"Evans","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brusle, J., and Anadon, G.G. (2017). The Structure and Function of Fish Liver. Fish Morphology, Routledge.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203755990-6"},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"WHO (2006). Total Diet Studies: A Recipe for Safer Food. GEMS\/Food, Food Safety Department, WHO."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"US-EPA (2022, October 13). Integrated Risk Information System-Database, Available online: https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/app\/details\/FR-2007-12-21\/E7-24844\/summary."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2022.113398","article-title":"\u201cNon-Traditional\u201d Stable Isotopes Applied to the Study of Trace Metal Contaminants in Anthropized Marine Environments","volume":"175","author":"Knoery","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(01)00156-4","article-title":"Partitioning and Bioaccumulation of Cadmium in Artificial Sediment Systems: Application of a Stable Isotope Tracer Technique","volume":"46","author":"Eimers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1021\/es052232+","article-title":"Tracing Source Pollution in Soils Using Cadmium and Lead Isotopes","volume":"40","author":"Cloquet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2011.10.005","article-title":"Tracing Cadmium, Zinc and Lead Sources in Bivalves from the Coasts of Western Canada and the USA Using Isotopes","volume":"76","author":"Shiel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.02.016","article-title":"Evaluation of Zinc, Cadmium and Lead Isotope Fractionation during Smelting and Refining","volume":"408","author":"Shiel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2013.07.005","article-title":"Determining Provenance of Marine Metal Pollution in French Bivalves Using Cd, Zn and Pb Isotopes","volume":"121","author":"Shiel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2015.04.002","article-title":"Cadmium Isotope Fractionation within the Soil Profile Complicates Source Identification in Relation to Pb\u2013Zn Mining and Smelting Processes","volume":"405","author":"Teper","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2015.08.004","article-title":"The Estuarine Geochemical Reactivity of Zn Isotopes and Its Relevance for the Biomonitoring of Anthropogenic Zn and Cd Contaminations from Metallurgical Activities: Example of the Gironde Fluvial-Estuarine System, France","volume":"170","author":"Petit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2014.11.025","article-title":"Tracing Sources of Pollution in Soils from the Jinding Pb\u2013Zn Mining District in China Using Cadmium and Lead Isotopes","volume":"52","author":"Wen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2015.09.039","article-title":"Cadmium Isotope Fractionation of Materials Derived from Various Industrial Processes","volume":"302","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9223","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b01568","article-title":"Cadmium Isotope Fractionation in Soil\u2013Wheat Systems","volume":"50","author":"Wiggenhauser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2932","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL072748","article-title":"The Cd Isotope Composition of Atmospheric Aerosols from the Tropical Atlantic Ocean","volume":"44","author":"Bridgestock","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7369","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b00858","article-title":"Isotope Tracing of Long-Term Cadmium Fluxes in an Agricultural Soil","volume":"51","author":"Salmanzadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.02.003","article-title":"Characteristics of Cadmium Accumulation and Isotope Fractionation in Higher Plants","volume":"174","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.03.034","article-title":"Apportionment of Sources of Heavy Metals to Agricultural Soils Using Isotope Fingerprints and Multivariate Statistical Analyses","volume":"249","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.07.210","article-title":"Cadmium Stable Isotope Variation in a Mountain Area Impacted by Acid Mine Drainage","volume":"646","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141233","article-title":"Cadmium Isotope Constraints on Heavy Metal Sources in a Riverine System Impacted by Multiple Anthropogenic Activities","volume":"750","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.125015","article-title":"Cadmium Isotopic Fractionation in Lead-Zinc Smelting Process and Signatures in Fluvial Sediments","volume":"411","author":"Zhong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139585","article-title":"Cadmium Isotopes as Tracers in Environmental Studies: A Review","volume":"736","author":"Zhong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCarthy, J.F., and Shugart, L.R. (2018). Biological Markers of Environmental Contamination. Biomarkers of Environmental Contamination, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781351070263"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(99)00499-4","article-title":"The Use of Biomarkers to Assess the Impact of Pollution in Coastal Environments of the Iberian Peninsula: A Practical Approach","volume":"247","author":"Cajaraville","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2022.106193","article-title":"An Integrated Biomarker Approach: Non-Monotonic Responses to Cadmium Exposure in the Suckermouth Catfish Hypostomus Plecostomus","volume":"248","author":"Monroy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3229","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-2972-y","article-title":"Effects of Heavy Metals (Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb, Zn) on Fish Glutathione Metabolism","volume":"22","author":"Eroglu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1166\/qm.2016.1303","article-title":"Evaluation of Oxidative Stress, Genotoxicity and Gene Expression Alterations as Oil Pollution Markers in Solea vulgaris, from Suez Canal","volume":"5","author":"Guerriero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Quantum Matter"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-010-8740-z","article-title":"Review on Methods for Determination of Metallothioneins in Aquatic Organisms","volume":"141","author":"Shariati","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/1354700031000120116","article-title":"Biomarkers of Effect in Toads and Frogs","volume":"8","author":"Venturino","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomarkers"}],"container-title":["Journal of Marine Science and Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/11\/1\/100\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T17:58:55Z","timestamp":1760119135000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/11\/1\/100"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["jmse11010100"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jmse11010100","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-1312"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-1312","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]]}}}