{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T22:01:44Z","timestamp":1769119304344,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"project ATLANTIDA","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000040"]}]},{"name":"project ATLANTIDA","award":["NORTE2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE2020"]}]},{"name":"North Portugal Regional Operational Programme","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000040"]}]},{"name":"North Portugal Regional Operational Programme","award":["NORTE2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000040"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["NORTE2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMSE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Earth observation can provide managers with valuable information on ongoing coastal processes and major trends in coastline evolution, especially in data-poor regions. This paper examines the use of optical satellite images in the mapping of the changes in shoreline position before, during, and after the implementation of a protection scheme. The aim of this paper is twofold: (i) to demonstrate the potential of satellite imagery as an effective, robust, and low-cost tool to remotely monitor the effectiveness of protective structures based on a large-scale case study in West Africa; and (ii) to compile lessons learned from this case study that can be used in the design of future interventions. The analysis shows that before the implementation of the protection scheme, the coastal sector was retreating at a rate of \u22121.6 m\/year, which is in line with the average retreat rates reported in other studies for the region. After project implementation, this trend reversed into shoreline accretion at a rate of +1.0 m\/year, locally experiencing positive and negative oscillations in the short term. Furthermore, the shoreline-extracted positions proved useful in assessing the impact of differences in the groynes\u2019 permeability with respect to temporary leeside erosion. Finally, it is recommended to continue this monitoring to assess long-term trends.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse11091771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T09:00:52Z","timestamp":1694422852000},"page":"1771","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Monitoring of a Coastal Protection Scheme through Satellite Remote Sensing: A Case Study in Ghana"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7876-6423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciana","family":"das Neves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto (FEUP), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto (CIIMAR), Avenida General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"IMDC\u2014International Marine and Dredging Consultants, Van Immerseelstraat 66, 2018 Antwerp, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto (FEUP), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8296-4329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Francisca","family":"Sarmento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto (FEUP), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto (CIIMAR), Avenida General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3768-3314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Rosa-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto (FEUP), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto (CIIMAR), Avenida General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4844","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12808-z","article-title":"New elevation data triple estimates of global vulnerability to sea-level rise and coastal flooding","volume":"10","author":"Kulp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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