{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T05:06:51Z","timestamp":1772860011633,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Defence Fund (EDF)","award":["101103257\u2014dTHOR\u2014EDF-2021-NAVAL-R-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101103257\u2014dTHOR\u2014EDF-2021-NAVAL-R-2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMSE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The timely and precise prediction of flooding progression and its eventual outcome in ships with breached hulls can lead to dramatic improvements in maritime safety through improved guidance for both emergency response and ship design. The traditional approach to assessing damage-induced flooding in both these stages, which also fully complies with statutory rules, is through static calculations. On the other hand, the application of models that simulate the flooding progression and the behaviour of flooded ships from, or close to, first principles allows for increased accuracy of the modelling of the phenomenon. This increase in accuracy can then be used to support advanced design for safety procedures. Furthermore, it can considerably enhance a ship\u2019s capability for damage identification and inference-based logic for emergency decision support systems and marine accident response in general. This paper conducts a review of selected state-of-the-art methods, procedures, and case studies in recent years which aimed to model progressive flooding and damage ship behaviour and provide some explanations of fundamentals. Applications related to damage identification, the prediction of outcome\/situation awareness, and flooding emergency response are also briefly discussed. The paper concludes with a brief reflection on salient gaps in the context of accelerating the development of these methods and their applicability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse12020251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T09:41:59Z","timestamp":1706694119000},"page":"251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A Review of Methods for Modelling Flooding, Its Progression and Outcome in Damaged Ships"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9821-4781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Miguel","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SINTEF Ocean, Postboks 4762 Torgarden, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Papanikolaou, A.D. (October, January 30). Review of Damage Stability of Ships\u2014Recent Developments and Trends. Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Practical Design of Ships and Other Floating Structures (PRADS), Houston, TA, USA."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Papanikolaou, A. (2001). Final Report to the ITTC Specialist Committee on the Prediction of Extreme Motions and Capsize, ITTC."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Papanikolaou, A., and Spanos, D. (2005). Final Report to the ITTC Specialist Committee on Stability in Waves, ITTC."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"van Walree, F. (2007). Summary Report to the ITTC Specialist Committee on Stability in Waves, ITTC. 5 February, submitted by ITTC to IMO-SLF50."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, T.A., and Guedes Soares, C. (2010). Advanced Ship Design for Pollution Prevention, Proceedings of the International Workshop \u201cAdvanced Ship Design for Pollution Prevention\u201d, Split, Croatia, 23\u201324 November 2009, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b10565"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2016.02.016","article-title":"Ship Stability, Dynamics and Safety: Status and Perspectives from a Review of Recent STAB Conferences and ISSW Events","volume":"116","author":"Bulian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2019.05.072","article-title":"An Overview of the Current Research on Stability of Ships and Ocean Vehicles: The STAB2018 Perspective","volume":"186","author":"Manderbacka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(October, January 29). Proceedings of the STAB 14th International Ship Stability Workshop, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Available online: https:\/\/seminar.utmspace.edu.my\/issw2014\/download\/Proceeding-Full.pdf."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Ros\u00e9n, A., and Schreuder, M. (2016). Proceedings of the 15th International Ship Stability Workshop, Stockholm, Sweden, 13\u201315 June 2016, KTH Royal Institute of Technology."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Ba\u010dkalov, I. (2017). Proceedings of the 16th International Ship Stability Workshop (ISSW 2017), Belgrade, Serbia, 5\u20137 June 2017, Available online: https:\/\/www.shipstab.org\/files\/Proceedings\/ISSW\/ISSW_2017_Belgrade_Serbia\/ISSW_2017_Proceedings.pdf."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"EMSA (2022). Annual Overview of Marine Casualties and Incidents, European Maritime Safety Agency. European Maritime Safety Report."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eliopoulou, E., Alissafaki, A., and Papanikolaou, A. (2023). Statistical Analysis of Accidents and Review of Safety Level of Passenger Ships. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse11020410"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2022.113062","article-title":"Process, Methods and Tools for Ship Damage Stability and Flooding Risk Assessment","volume":"266","author":"Vassalos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2022.113387","article-title":"Evolution of Ship Damage Stability Assessment\u2014Transitioning Designers to Direct Numerical Simulations","volume":"268","author":"Mauro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2016.11.073","article-title":"On the Effects of Non-Watertight Doors on Progressive Flooding in a Damaged Passenger Ship","volume":"130","author":"Ruponen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorkowski, O., Dankowski, H., and Kluwe, F. (2014, January 8\u201313). An Experimental Study on Progressive and Dynamic Damage Stability Scenarios. Proceedings of the ASME 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering\u2014OMAE2014, San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1115\/OMAE2014-23388"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2018.09.042","article-title":"Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Partial Flooding of a Barge Model","volume":"169","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2010.12.004","article-title":"Determination of Discharge Coefficients for a Cross-Flooding Duct","volume":"38","author":"Stening","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Khaddaj-Mallat, C., Rousset, J.-M., and Ferrant, P. (6, January 31). On the Transient and Progressive Flooding Stages of Damaged RoRo Vessels. Proceedings of the International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering\u2014OMAE, Honolulu, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2017.12.036","article-title":"On the Calculation of the Righting Lever Curve for a Damaged Ship","volume":"149","author":"Ruponen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valanto, P. (2023). On Boundary Conditions for Damage Openings in RoPax-Ship Survivability Computations. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse11030643"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2014.05.154","article-title":"On-Board Decision Support System for Ship Flooding Emergency Response","volume":"29","author":"Varela","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valanto, P. (2022). Active Flooding Mitigation for Stability Enhancement in a Damaged RoPax Ship. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse10060797"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"529","article-title":"Regulatory, Design, Operational and Emergency Response Measures for Improving the Damage Survivability of Existing RoPax","volume":"134","author":"Vassalos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fluid Mech. Its Appl."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2015.10.002","article-title":"A Generalized Adaptive Mesh Pressure Integration Technique Applied to Progressive Flooding of Floating Bodies in Still Water","volume":"110","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107101","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4986004","article-title":"Study on Coupled Dynamics of Ship and Flooding Water Based on Experimental and SPH Methods","volume":"29","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apor.2019.102047","article-title":"On Damaged Ship Motion and Capsizing in Beam Waves Due to Sudden Water Ingress Using the RANS Method","volume":"95","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Ocean Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Lin, Z., Mancini, S., Li, P., Liu, D., Liu, F., and Pang, Z. (2020). Numerical Investigation into the Effect of Damage Openings on Ship Hydrodynamics by the Overset Mesh Technique. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse8010011"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apor.2021.102943","article-title":"Numerical Investigation into the Effect of the Internal Opening Arrangements on Motion Responses of a Damaged Ship","volume":"117","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Ocean Res."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Ruth, E., Olufsen, O., and Rognebakke, O. (2019, January 10\u201312). CFD in Damage Stability. Proceedings of the 17th International Ship Stability Workshop, Helsinki, Finland."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Siddiqui, M.A., Greco, M., Colicchio, G., and Faltinsen, O.M. (2018, January 4). Validation of Damaged Ship Hydrodynamics by a Domain Decomposition Approach Using the Harmonic Polynomial Cell Method and OpenFOAM. Proceedings of the 33rd International Workshop on Water Wave and Floating Bodie, Guidel Plages, France."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2020.107441","article-title":"Unified Viscous and Potential Prediction Method for the Coupled Motion of Damaged Ship and Floodwater in Calm Water","volume":"210","author":"Bu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Z., Sun, L.Y., Xu, L.X., Hu, Y.L., Zhang, G.Y., and Zong, Z. (2023). A CFD-Based Data-Driven Reduced Order Modeling Method for Damaged Ship Motion in Waves. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse11040686"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Bu, S.X., Gu, M., Lu, J., and Zeng, K. (2019). Effects of Inflow and Outflow of Floodwater on the Parametric Roll of a Damaged Ship. Chuan Bo Li Xue\/J. Ship Mech., 12."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Santos, T.A., and Soares, C. (2003, January 15\u201319). Investigation into the Effects of Shallow Water on Deck on Ship Motions. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on the Stability of Ships and Ocean Vehicles, Madrid, Spain."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Zou, Y., Huang, J., and Fan, C.M. (2023). Numerical Simulations of Tank Sloshing Problems Based on Moving Pseudo-Boundary Method of Fundamental Solution. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse11071448"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Dankowski, H. (2013). A Fast and Explicit Method for Simulating Flooding and Sinkage Scenarios of Ships. [Ph.D. Thesis, Technische Universitat Hamburg]."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-1482-3_39","article-title":"Pressure-Correction Method and Its Applications for Time-Domain Flooding Simulation","volume":"Volume 97","author":"Belenky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fluid Mechanics and Its Applications"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fatunla, S.O. (1988). Numerical Methods for Initial Value Problems in Ordinary Differential Equations, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-249930-2.50012-6"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2013.12.014","article-title":"Adaptive Time Step in Simulation of Progressive Flooding","volume":"78","author":"Ruponen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2015.09.051","article-title":"Dynamic Orifice Flow Model and Compartment Models for Flooding Simulation of a Damaged Ship","volume":"109","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, B.S. (2019). Hydrostatics and Stability of Marine Vehicles, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-2682-0"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"545","article-title":"The Inertia Contributions Due to Floodwater Mass","volume":"134","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fluid Mech. Its Appl."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"ITTC (2011). The Specialist Committee on Stability in Waves Final Report and Recommendations to the 26th ITTC, ITTC."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guedes Soares, C., and Garbatov, Y. (2017). Progress in the Analysis and Design of Marine Structures, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Marine Structures (MARSTRUCT 2017), Lisbon, Portugal, 8\u201310 May 2017, CRC Press\/Balkema.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315157368"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Rodrigues, J.M. (2016). Behaviour of Damaged Ships Subjected to Flooding. [Ph.D. Thesis, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa]."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2015.07.050","article-title":"Simplified Body Nonlinear Time Domain Calculation of Vertical Ship Motions and Wave Loads in Large Amplitude Waves","volume":"107","author":"Rajendran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfluidstructs.2015.06.001","article-title":"Transient Response of a Ship to an Abrupt Flooding Accounting for the Momentum Flux","volume":"57","author":"Manderbacka","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Fluids Struct."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1007\/s42241-023-0041-z","article-title":"Numerical Study on Roll Dynamics of Damaged Ship in Beam Waves and Calm Water","volume":"35","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hydrodyn."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2442","DOI":"10.1080\/17445302.2021.2000264","article-title":"Numerical Investigation into the Resistance Performance for the Damaged DTMB 5415 Ship in Calm Water and Regular Head Waves","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ships Offshore Struct."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s11804-018-0050-4","article-title":"Wave-Induced Vertical Motions and Bending Moments in Damaged Ships","volume":"17","author":"Parunov","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mar. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2019.106876","article-title":"Benchmark Study and Uncertainty Assessment of Numerical Predictions of Global Wave Loads on Damaged Ships","volume":"197","author":"Parunov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"49","article-title":"The Technical Investigation of the Sinking of the Ro-Ro Ferry European Gateway","volume":"128","author":"Spouge","year":"1986","journal-title":"Trans. R. Inst. Nav. Archit. RINA"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"337","article-title":"A Time Simulation Approach to the Assessment of Damage Survivability of Ro\/Ro Cargo Ships","volume":"95","author":"Sen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Trans. Soc. Nav. Archit. Mar. Eng. SNAME"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Vredeveldt, A.W., and Journ\u00e9e, J.M.J. (1991;, January 17\u201319). Roll Motions of Ships Due to Sudden Water Ingress, Calculations and Experiments. Proceedings of the International Conference on ro-ro safety and vulnerability\u2014The Way Ahead, London, UK."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"208","article-title":"A Dynamic Model for Roll Motion of Ships Due to Flooding","volume":"46","author":"Xia","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ship Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"139","article-title":"The Simulation of Ship Motions and Capsizing in Severe Seas","volume":"97","author":"Paulling","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trans. R. Inst. Nav. Archit. RINA"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"363","article-title":"A Realistic Approach to Assessing the Damage Survivability of Passenger Ships","volume":"102","author":"Vassalos","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trans. Soc. Nav. Archit. Mar. Eng. SNAME"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Vermeer, H., Vredeveldt, A.W., and Journ\u00e9e, J.M.J. (1994, January 7\u201311). Mathematical Modelling of Motions and Damage Stability of Ro-Ro Ships in the Intermediate Stages of Flooding. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Stability of Ships and Ocean Vehicles, Melbourne, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Journ\u00e9e, J.M.J., Vermeer, H., and Vredeveldt, A.W. (1997, January 22\u201327). Systematic Model Experiments of Flooding of Two Ro-Ro Vessels. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Stability of Ships and Ocean Vehicles, Varna, Bulgaria."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Vassalos, D., Hamamoto, M., Molyneux, D., and Papanikolaou, A. (2000). Contemporary Ideas on Ship Stability, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Zaraphonitis, G., Papanikolaou, A., and Spanos, D. (1997, January 22\u201327). On a 3-D Mathematical Model of the Damage Stability of Ships in Waves. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Stability of Ships and Ocean Vehicles, Varna, Bulgaria."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-8018(01)00037-3","article-title":"Time Domain Modelling of the Transient Asymmetric Flooding of Ro-Ro Ships","volume":"29","author":"Santos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"95","article-title":"Investigation into the Sinking of the RO-RO Passenger Ferry Express Samina","volume":"51","author":"Papanikolaou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. Shipbuild. Prog."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Valanto, P. (2006). Time Dependent Survival Probability of a Damaged Passenger Ship II\u2014Evacuation in Seaway and Capsizing, HSVA Report No. 1661, Hamburgische Schiffbau-Versuchsanstalt GmbH."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van\u2019t Veer, R., and Serra, A. (2003, January 25\u201326). Large Passenger Ship Safety: Time to Sink Simulations. Proceedings of the Passenger Ship Safety Conference\u2014Royal Institute of Naval Architects, London, UK.","DOI":"10.3940\/rina.pass.2003.01"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"de Kat, J.R., and Peters, A.J. (2002, January 13\u201317). Model Experiments and Simulations of a Damaged Frigate. Proceedings of the IMAM 2002, Crete, Greece."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"IMO (2005). Time-to-Flood Simulations for a Large Passenger Ship\u2014Final Study (SLF 48\/INF. 2)."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2006.02.002","article-title":"Theoretical and Experimental Study on Dynamic Behavior of a Damaged Ship in Waves","volume":"34","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Ruponen, P. (2007). Progressive Flooding of a Damaged Passenger Ship. [Ph.D. Thesis, Helsinki University of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2009.04.004","article-title":"Numerical Assessment of Factors Affecting the Survivability of Damaged Ro-Ro Ships in Waves","volume":"36","author":"Santos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2012.12.038","article-title":"Numerical Study of Damaged Ship Flooding in Beam Seas","volume":"61","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Jasionowski, A., and Vassalos, D. (2001, January 12\u201313). Numerical Modelling of Damage Ship Stability in Waves. Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Stability and Operational Safety of Ships, Trieste, Italy."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2013.06.024","article-title":"Experimental Assessment of Intact and Damaged Ship Motions in Head, Beam and Quartering Seas","volume":"72","author":"Begovic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfluidstructs.2015.06.002","article-title":"Model Experiments of the Transient Response to Flooding of the Box Shaped Barge","volume":"57","author":"Manderbacka","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Fluids Struct."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1002\/fld.3948","article-title":"Exact Pressure Integrations on Submerged Bodies in Waves Using a Quadtree Adaptive Mesh Algorithm","volume":"76","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2016.10.044","article-title":"Still Water Vertical Loads during Transient Flooding of a Tanker in Full Load Condition with a Probabilistic Damage Distribution","volume":"129","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"331","article-title":"Assessment of Still Water Bending Moments for Damaged Hull Girders","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2015","journal-title":"Maritime Technology and Engineering, Proceedings of MARTECH 2014: 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal, 15\u201317 October 2014"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marstruc.2015.08.002","article-title":"Probabilistic Analysis of the Hull-Girder Still Water Loads on a Shuttle Tanker in Full Load Condition, for Parametrically Distributed Collision Damage Spaces","volume":"44","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Struct."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.05.416","article-title":"3D Simulation of Ship Motions to Support the Planning of Rescue Operations on Damaged Ships","volume":"51","author":"Varela","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"011101","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4040722","article-title":"Ship Vertical Loads from Using an Adaptive Mesh Pressure Integration Technique for Froude-Krylov Forces Calculation. ASME","volume":"141","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2017.04.041","article-title":"Froude-Krylov Forces from Exact Pressure Integrations on Adaptive Panel Meshes in a Time Domain Partially Nonlinear Model for Ship Motions","volume":"139","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1080\/09377255.2018.1558564","article-title":"A New Calculation Technique for Onboard Progressive Flooding Simulation","volume":"66","author":"Braidotti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ship Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2021.01.159","article-title":"A Comparison of Different Linearized Formulations for Progressive Flooding Simulations in Full-Scale","volume":"180","author":"Braidotti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"21","article-title":"On the Effect of Uncertainties on Onboard Progressive Flooding Simulation","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Braidotti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Progress in Marine Science and Technology"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acanfora, M., Begovic, E., and De Luca, F. (2019). A Fast Simulation Method for Damaged Ship Dynamics. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse7040111"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marstruc.2021.103027","article-title":"Methodology for the Simulation of a Ship\u2019s Damage Stability and Ultimate Strength Conditions Following a Collision","volume":"79","author":"Kuznecovs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mar. Struct."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"(2024, January 27). FLARE FLARE\u2014Flooding Accident Response. Available online: https:\/\/flare-project.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Atzampos, G., Vassalos, D., Cichowicz, J., Paterson, D., and Boulougouris, E. (2019, January 10\u201312). ESAFE-Cruise Ship Survivability in Waves. Proceedings of the 17th International Ship Stability Workshop, Helsinki, Finland."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Bulian, G., Cardinale, M., Dafermos, G., Eliopoulou, E., Francescutto, A., Lindroth, D., Luhmann, H., and Zaraphonitis, G. (2019, January 10\u201312). Considering Collision, Bottom Grounding and Side Grounding\/Contact in a Common Non-Zonal Framework. Proceedings of the 17th International Ship Stability Workshop, Helsinki, Finland."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Ruponen, P., Van Basten Batenburg, R., Bandringa, H., Braidotti, L., Bu, S., Dankowski, H., Lee, G.J., Mauro, F., Murphy, A., and Rosano, G. (2021, January 7\u201311). Benchmark Study on Simulation of Flooding Progression. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on the Stability and Safety of Ships and Ocean Vehicles, Glasgow, UK."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apor.2022.103153","article-title":"Results of an International Benchmark Study on Numerical Simulation of Flooding and Motions of a Damaged Ropax Ship","volume":"123","author":"Ruponen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Ocean Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apor.2022.103403","article-title":"International Benchmark Study on Numerical Simulation of Flooding and Motions of a Damaged Cruise Ship","volume":"129","author":"Ruponen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Ocean Res."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"van\u2019t Veer, R., and de Kat, J. (2000, January 7\u201311). Experimental and Numerical Investigation on Progressive Flooding and Sloshing in Complex Compartment Geometry. Proceedings of the STAB2000, Lanceston, TA, Australia."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Palazzi, L., and de Kat, J. (2002). Proceedings of the 6th International Ship Stability Workshop, Webb Institute."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00773-008-0011-8","article-title":"Study of Damaged Ship Motions Taking into Account Floodwater Dynamics","volume":"13","author":"Santos","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mar. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braidotti, L., and Mauro, F. (2020). A Fast Algorithm for Onboard Progressive Flooding Simulation. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse8050369"},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Jasionowski, A. (2002). An Integrated Approach to Damage Ship Survivability Assessment. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Strathclyde]."},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"SIMA Workbench Software (2023). SINTEF Ocean Stability Analysis in SIMA, SIMA Workbench Software."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"Schreuder, M. (2014). Development, Implementation, Validation and Applications of a Method for Simulation of Damaged and Intact Ships in Waves. [Ph.D. Thesis, Chalmers University of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2015.08.050","article-title":"Multibody Dynamic Analysis of a Heavy Load Suspended by a Floating Crane with Constraint-Based Wire Rope","volume":"109","author":"Ham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"80","article-title":"Prediction of Damaged Ship Motions in Waves in Time Domain","volume":"59","author":"Bu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ship Build. China"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eggermont, C., and van Deyzen, A. (2023, January 11\u201316). To Improve the Orientation of a Jetty Exposed to Swell and Current to Minimise Operational Downtime. Proceedings of the ASME 2023 42nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering OMAE2023, Melbourne, Australia.","DOI":"10.1115\/OMAE2023-101382"},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"van\u2019t Veer, R., van den Berg, J., Boonstra, S., van Basten-Batenburg, R., and Bandringa, H. (2021, January 7\u201311). A Steady and Unsteady Internal Flooding Model Utilizing a Network and Graph Solver. Proceedings of the STABS&S 2021, Online."},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"Goddard, R., Schofield, J., Menzies, D., Marshall, S., and Thompson, H. (2020, January 5\u20139). A Novel Approach to the Analysis of Sinking Ships; Combining Vulnerability, Stability and Escape & Evacuation Simulations. Proceedings of the 15th International Navy Engineering Conference and Exhibition, Online."},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"Valanto, P. (2020). Numerical Models\u2014HSVA Rolls, EU-Project Flooding Accident Response (FLARE) Deliverable D4.1-Volume 2, Hamburg Ship Model Basin HSVA."},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"Schreuder, M. (2005). Time Simulation of the Behaviour of Damaged Ships in Waves. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Chalmers University of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van \u2019t Veer, R., van den Berg, J., and Boonstra, S. (2023). A Unified Internal Flow Model with Fluid Momentum for General Application in Shipflooding and Beyond. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse11061175"},{"key":"ref_109","unstructured":"Parunov, J., Corak, M., and Gledic, I. (2015, January 25\u201327). Comparison of Two Practical Methods for Seakeeping Assessment of Damaged Ship. Proceedings of the MARSTRUCT 2015, Southampton, UK."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1080\/17445302.2018.1559911","article-title":"Seakeeping Experiments on Damaged Ship","volume":"14","author":"Parunov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ships Offshore Struct."},{"key":"ref_111","unstructured":"Guedes Soares, C., and Teixeira, A.P. (2018). Maritime Transportation and Harvesting of Sea Resources, Taylor & Francis Group."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2017.02.001","article-title":"An Experimental Study of Hull Girder Loads on an Intact and Damaged Naval Ship","volume":"133","author":"Begovic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_113","unstructured":"Begovic, E., Day, A.H., Incecik, A., Mancini, S., and Pizzirusso, D. (2015, January 19\u201324). Roll Damping Assessment of Intact and Damaged Ship by CFD and EFD Methods. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on the Stability of Ships and Ocean Vehicles, Glasgow, UK."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2015.2390751","article-title":"Experimental Study on the Six Degree-of-Freedom Motions of a Damaged Ship Floating in Regular Waves","volume":"41","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_115","unstructured":"(2024, January 27). ShipStab Benchmarking Data for FLARE. Available online: https:\/\/www.shipstab.org\/index.php\/data-access."},{"key":"ref_116","unstructured":"van basten Batenburg, R. (2020). FLARE (Fooding Accident Response): Deliverable 4.2 Volume 1\u2014Model Tests: Fundamental Compartment Flooding, Hamburg Ship Model Basin HSVA."},{"key":"ref_117","unstructured":"van Basten Batenburg, R. (2020). FLARE (Fooding Accident Response): Deliverable 4.2 Volume 2\u2014Model Tests: Fundamental Deck Flooding, Hamburg Ship Model Basin HSVA."},{"key":"ref_118","unstructured":"van Baten Batenburg, R. (2020). FLARE (Fooding Accident Response): Deliverable 4.2 Volume 3\u2014Model Tests: Cruise Ship Hydrodynamics, Hamburg Ship Model Basin HSVA."},{"key":"ref_119","unstructured":"Ruponen, P. (2022). FLARE (Flooding Accident Response): Deliverable 4.3\u2014Results of Benchmarking."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1080\/09377255.2019.1598629","article-title":"Simulation-Based Analysis Method for Damage Survivability of Passenger Ships","volume":"66","author":"Ruponen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ship Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_121","unstructured":"Ruponen, P. (2017, January 29\u201330). Required Flooding Sensor Arrangement for Reliable Automatic Damage Detection. Proceedings of the RINA Smart Ship Technology, London, UK."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2021.108636","article-title":"Performance-Based on-Board Damage Control System for Ships","volume":"223","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s13437-019-00186-8","article-title":"On the Alternative Approaches to Stability Analysis in Decision Support for Damaged Passenger Ships","volume":"18","author":"Ruponen","year":"2019","journal-title":"WMU J. Marit. Aff."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2023.114847","article-title":"Real-Time Flooding Risk Evaluation for Ship-to-Ship Collisions Based on First Principles","volume":"281","author":"Vassalos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2023.115493","article-title":"Damage Surrogate Models for Real-Time Flooding Risk Assessment of Passenger Ships","volume":"285","author":"Mauro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stefanidis, F., Boulougouris, E., Komianos, A., M\u00e1rquez, G., Louvros, P., Stefanidis, F., Boulougouris, E., Komianos, A., and Vassalos, D. (2023). Machine Learning and Case-Based Reasoning for Real-Time Onboard Prediction of the Survivability of Ships. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse11050890"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Son, H.Y., Roh, H.D., Kim, G.Y., Oh, S.J., Choi, J., Lee, D.K., and Shin, S.C. (2022). Prediction of Flooded Compartment Damage Locations in Ships by Using Spectrum Analysis of Ship Motions in Waves. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse10010017"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braidotti, L., Prpi\u0107-Or\u0161i\u0107, J., and Val\u010di\u0107, M. (2021). Effect of Database Generation on Damage Consequences\u2019 Assessment Based on Random Forests. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse9111303"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braidotti, L., Val\u010di\u0107, M., and Prpi\u0107-Or\u0161i\u0107, J. (2021). Exploring a Flooding-Sensors-Agnostic Prediction of the Damage Consequences Based on Machine Learning. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse9030271"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vassalos, D., and Paterson, D. (2020). Reconfiguring Passenger Ship Internal Environment for Damage Stability Enhancement. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse8090693"},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"565","article-title":"A Framework for Probabilistic Damage Stability Assessment of Passenger Ships Considering Collision, Grounding and Contact Accidents","volume":"134","author":"Bulian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fluid Mech. Its Appl."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2020.107396","article-title":"Probabilistic Assessment of Damaged Survivability of Passenger Ships in Case of Grounding or Contact","volume":"218","author":"Bulian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karolius, K.B., Cichowicz, J., Paterson, D., and Vassalos, D. (2020, January 11\u201316). Risk-Based, Sensor-Fused Emergency Response in Flooding Casualties. Proceedings of the International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, Shanghai, China. ISOPE-I-20-4175.","DOI":"10.1080\/17445302.2020.1735846"}],"container-title":["Journal of Marine Science and Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/12\/2\/251\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:52:12Z","timestamp":1760104332000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/12\/2\/251"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]},"references-count":133,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jmse12020251"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jmse12020251","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-1312"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-1312","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]}}}