{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T18:01:25Z","timestamp":1776535285275,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FWO (FondsWetenschappelijk Onderzoek\u2014Research Foundation Flanders), Belgium","award":["11l5821N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11l5821N"]}]},{"name":"FWO (FondsWetenschappelijk Onderzoek\u2014Research Foundation Flanders), Belgium","award":["ED481A-2021\/337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED481A-2021\/337"]}]},{"name":"Xunta de Galicia under \u201cPrograma de axudas \u00e1 etapa predoutoral da Conseller\u00eda de Cultura","award":["11l5821N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11l5821N"]}]},{"name":"Xunta de Galicia under \u201cPrograma de axudas \u00e1 etapa predoutoral da Conseller\u00eda de Cultura","award":["ED481A-2021\/337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED481A-2021\/337"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMSE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aquatic vegetation in the littoral zone plays a crucial role in attenuating wave energy and protecting coastal communities from hazardous events. This study contributes to the development of numerical models aimed at designing nature-based coastal defense systems. Specifically, a novel numerical application for simulating wave\u2013vegetation interactions at the stem scale is presented. The numerical model employed, DualSPHysics, couples the meshfree Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) fluid solver with a structural solver to accurately capture the two-way interactions between waves and flexible vegetation. The proposed numerical model is validated against experimental data involving a submerged rubber cylinder representing an individual vegetation stem, subjected to regular waves. The results demonstrate excellent agreement in hydrodynamics, force transfer, and the swaying motion of the flexible cylinder. Importantly, the approach explicitly captures energy transfer between the fluid environment and the individual stem. The numerical results indicate persistent turbulent flow along the vegetation stem, even when its swaying speed matches that of the surrounding environment. This reveals the presence of vortex shedding and energy dissipation, which challenges the concept of passive swaying in flexible aquatic vegetation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse12071120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T06:28:54Z","timestamp":1720074534000},"page":"1120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Exploring Wave\u2013Vegetation Interaction at Stem Scale: Analysis of the Coupled Flow\u2013Structure Interactions Using the SPH-Based DualSPHysics Code and the FEA Module of Chrono"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1421-542X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joe","family":"El Rahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 60, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5870-8296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Est\u00e9vez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Physics Laboratory, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Mari\u00f1a (CIM-UVIGO), Universidade de Vigo, Campus As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7614-6688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Almeida Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydraulics and Environment Department, National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC), Avenida do Brasil 101, 1700-066 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9171-3038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bonaventura","family":"Tagliafierro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DECA), Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Jordi Girona, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2586-5081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Dom\u00ednguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Physics Laboratory, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Mari\u00f1a (CIM-UVIGO), Universidade de Vigo, Campus As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3384-5061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro J. C.","family":"Crespo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Physics Laboratory, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Mari\u00f1a (CIM-UVIGO), Universidade de Vigo, Campus As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4898-5692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Stratigaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 60, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6008-4440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flanders Hydraulics, Berchemlei 115, 2140 Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 40, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3274-0874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Troch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 60, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-021-00609-9","article-title":"Synergistic Effects of Rooted Aquatic Vegetation and Drift Wrack on Ecosystem Multifunctionality","volume":"24","author":"Austin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6533","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26887-4","article-title":"Cutting the costs of coastal protection by integrating vegetation in flood defences","volume":"12","author":"Dijkstra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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