{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T17:14:18Z","timestamp":1760116458797,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMSE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Simulating present status and future changes in water level and water temperature in estuaries is important for the advancement of knowledge and decision-making on subjects such as estuarine dynamics and human activities since these variables impact biochemical variables (e.g., oxygen and pH), fish growth, and disease occurrence. Numerical models such as MOHID\u2014Water Modeling System can be used to predict water temperature and water levels under different force conditions. This study evaluates the effects of sea level rise (SLR), air temperatures, and freshwater discharge on water levels and water temperature in the Ria de Alvor under present and future variations. The results show a significant impact of SLR on water levels in the Ria de Alvor, which is more pronounced during spring tides. Air temperature also impacts water temperature, generating changes higher than 2 \u00b0C inside the estuary. The freshwater discharge, despite the relatively low values, contributes significantly to changes in surface water temperature, mainly at the estuary\u2019s upper reaches, where it contributes to a decrease in water temperature in winter conditions while elevating them during the summer. The results contribute to the advancement of knowledge on a small, barely studied estuarine system, giving insights into the establishment of human activities such as aquaculture exploitation within the estuary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse12112007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T06:41:22Z","timestamp":1730961682000},"page":"2007","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Patterns of Temperature and Water Level in a Small Mesotidal Estuary: The Case of Ria de Alvor (Portugal)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7402-4336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Novo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), InnovOcean Campus, Jacobsenstraat 1, 8400 Oostende, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8484-6948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Vaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Physics Department, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Bartolomeu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hidromod LDA, 2740-278 Porto Salvo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8685-5194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Picado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Physics Department, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7613-6241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Miguel","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Physics Department, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0001-5849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Chambel","family":"Leit\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hidromod LDA, 2740-278 Porto Salvo, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2010.01.021","article-title":"The concept of an estuary: A definition that incorporates systems which can become closed to the ocean and hypersaline","volume":"87","author":"Potter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Estuar. 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