{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T07:03:29Z","timestamp":1776323009116,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMSE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ports are essential nodes in global trade, linking maritime and land transport. As maritime logistics increasingly drive global supply chains, optimizing port operations has become vital for enhancing economic efficiency and environmental sustainability. This study presents a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model to address inefficiencies in berth allocation and stevedoring processes at the Port of Leix\u00f5es, Portugal. By integrating real operational data, the model reduces vessel waiting times by 47.56% (from 8.1 to 4.2 h) and operational delays by 37.39% (from 11.5 to 7.2 h). These optimizations also result in a 41.85% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions per ship, aligning with global emissions regulations and promoting sustainable port management. The model\u2019s innovations include real-time data integration and a holistic resource allocation approach to mitigate congestion and inefficiencies. Key findings demonstrate the model\u2019s potential to streamline operations and minimize environmental impacts. These advancements align economic efficiency with environmental sustainability, addressing global emissions regulations. However, the study acknowledges limitations, such as excluding unpredictable factors like weather conditions and equipment failures. Future research should explore dynamic variables, such as weather conditions and mechanical failures, and expand the model\u2019s applicability to other seaports worldwide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse13010119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T11:24:57Z","timestamp":1736508297000},"page":"119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Process Optimization in Sea Ports: Integrating Sustainability and Efficiency Through a Novel Mathematical Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4556-9578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIDEM, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant. Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aerospace (LAETA-INEGI), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6779-5544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIDEM, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant. Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8570-4362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Gomes","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIDEM, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant. Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aerospace (LAETA-INEGI), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5179-1047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel \u00c2ngelo Lellis","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIDEM, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant. Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Rio de Janeiro 24210-346, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4807-739X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusuf Ozden","family":"Altinkaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIDEM, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant. Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1918-0895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisa Jo\u00e3o","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIDEM, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant. Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aerospace (LAETA-INEGI), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahraoui, A., Tran, N.K., Tliche, Y., Kacem, A., and Taghipour, A. (2023). Examining ICT Innovation for Sustainable Terminal Operations in Developing Countries: A Case Study of the Port of Rad\u00e8s in Tunisia. 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