{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T19:01:32Z","timestamp":1771268492723,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"K2D: Knowledge and Data from the Deep to Space","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-045941"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-045941"]}]},{"name":"K2D: Knowledge and Data from the Deep to Space","award":["COMPETE2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMPETE2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-045941"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-045941"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["COMPETE2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMPETE2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-045941"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-045941"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["COMPETE2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMPETE2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMSE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The need for real-time and scalable oceanographic monitoring has become crucial for coastal management, marine traffic control and environmental sustainability. This study investigates the integration of sensor technology into marine cables to enable real-time monitoring, focusing on tidal cycles and wave characteristics. A 2000 m cable demonstrator was deployed off the coast of Portugal, featuring three active repeater nodes equipped with pressure sensors at varying depths. The goal was to estimate hourly wave periods using fast Fourier transform and calculate significant wave height via a custom peak detection algorithm. The results showed strong coherence with tidal depth variations, with wave period estimates closely aligning with forecasts. The wave height estimations exhibited a clear relationship with tidal cycles, which demonstrates the system\u2019s sensitivity to coastal hydrodynamics, a factor that numerical models designed for open waters often fail to capture. The study also highlights challenges in deep-water monitoring, such as signal attenuation and the need for high sampling rates. Overall, this research emphasises the scalability of sensor-integrated smart marine cables, offering a transformative opportunity to expand oceanographic monitoring capabilities. The findings open the door for future real-time ocean monitoring systems that can deliver valuable insights for coastal management, environmental monitoring and scientific research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse13040766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T10:05:51Z","timestamp":1744365951000},"page":"766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Enhancing Sea Wave Monitoring Through Integrated Pressure Sensors in Smart Marine Cables"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3826-6413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Matos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS), University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joao L.","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS), University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1120-9312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos S.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC\u2014Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores, Tecnologia e Ci\u00eancia, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8441-3264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis M.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS), University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s40722-022-00269-4","article-title":"Wave loads on ocean infrastructure increase as a result of waves passing over abrupt depth transitions","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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