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Although long-distance dispersal patterns have been the subject of several studies, important questions may still be posed. For instance, are these processes random, or do they show distinct patterns? And are they restricted to \u201cwindows of opportunities\u201d, or do they occur continuously? In the NE Atlantic, the dispersal of tropical species towards higher latitudes associated with the last interglacial period is a well-known phenomenon. However, the most probable dispersal route remains a matter of debate. To test these ideas, we used the Atlantic and Mediterranean last interglacial fossil records, and compared the present geographic distribution of shallow-water marine molluscs with that registered during the last interglacial episode, aiming to detect changes. Our results show that 27 species became extinct during the course of the last glacial episode, and that 55 marine mollusc species (43 gastropods and 12 bivalves) are ecostratigraphic indicators for the MIS 5e fossiliferous deposits in the Macaronesian archipelagos, the Atlantic coasts of Morocco, and the Mediterranean. Finally, we provide arguments for the timing of dispersal, which occurred during a restricted \u201cwindow of opportunity\u201d associated with the inception of the last interglacial, and for the most probable route of dispersal of the tropical species, most of them denoting a Cabo Verdean origin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse13112024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T08:41:08Z","timestamp":1761122468000},"page":"2024","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Distributional Range Shifts Caused by Glacial\u2013Interglacial Cycles: A Review on Timing, Main Processes, and Patterns of Late Pleistocene Marine Dispersal by Invertebrates in the NE Atlantic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4317-3051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9rgio P.","family":"\u00c1vila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MPB\u2014Marine Palaeontology and Biogeography Lab, University of the Azores, Rua da M\u00e3e de Deus, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, A\u00e7ores, Portugal"},{"name":"CIBIO\u2014A\u00e7ores, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, InBIO Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, P\u00f3lo dos A\u00e7ores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal"},{"name":"BIOPOLIS\/CIBIO, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, Rua do Crasto, 765, 4485-684 Vair\u00e3o, Vila do Conde, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade dos A\u00e7ores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, A\u00e7ores, Portugal"},{"name":"UNESCO Chair\u2014Land Within Sea: Biodiversity and Sustainability in Atlantic Islands, Universidade dos A\u00e7ores, R. M\u00e3e de Deus 13A, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, A\u00e7ores, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-5446(08)70227-9","article-title":"Geographical Isolation in Marine Species: Evolution and Speciation in Ostracoda, I","volume":"11","author":"Cronin","year":"1988","journal-title":"Dev. Palaeontol. Stratigr."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Lomolino, M.W., and Heaney, L.R. (2004). Island life: A view from the sea. Frontiers of Biogeography: New Directions in the Geography of Nature, Sinauer."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baptista, L., Meimberg, H., \u00c1vila, S.P., Santos, A.M., and Curto, M. (2021). Dispersal ability, habitat characteristics, and sea-surface circulation shape population structure of Cingula trifasciata (Gastropoda: Rissoidae) in the remote Azores Archipelago. BMC Ecol. 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