{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T14:59:02Z","timestamp":1767797942154,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC-ECI-EGC-5177-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC-ECI-EGC-5177-2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"European Social Fund (ESF) of the European Union (EU","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021.07393.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.07393.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMSE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The global transition towards sustainable energy has accelerated the development and deployment of offshore wind turbines. Jacket foundations, commonly installed in intermediate to deep water depths to access available space and higher load capacities, are built to withstand intensified hydrodynamic loads. Due to their structural complexity near the seabed, however, they are prone to local and global scour, which can compromise stability and increase maintenance costs. While extensive research has addressed scour protections around monopiles, limited attention has been given to complex foundation geometries or even hybrid configurations that combine energy-harvesting devices with structural support. These hybrid systems introduce highly unsteady flow fields and amplified turbulence effects that current design frameworks appear to be unable to capture. This study provides an experimental characterisation of scour damage in riprap-protected jackets as well as additional tests for a hybrid jacket foundation. A novel adaptation of a high-resolution overlapping sub-area methodology was employed. For the first time, it was successfully applied to quantify the damage to riprap protections for a complex offshore foundation. Results revealed that, although hybrid jackets showed the capacity to attenuate incident waves, the scour protection experienced damage numbers (S3D) two to six times higher than conventional jackets due to flow amplifications. The findings highlight the need for revised design guidelines that can account for the complex hydrodynamic-structural interactions of next-generation marine harvesting technologies integrated into complex foundations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse14020114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T08:26:56Z","timestamp":1767774416000},"page":"114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Damage Characterisation of Scour in Riprap-Protected Jackets and Hybrid Foundations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7314-4959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Chambel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering and Georesources, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto (FEUP), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Marine Energy and Hydraulic Structures Research Group, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR-LA), University of Porto (FEUP), Port of Leix\u00f5es Cruise Terminal, Av. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8549-3320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Fazeres-Ferradosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering and Georesources, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto (FEUP), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Marine Energy and Hydraulic Structures Research Group, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR-LA), University of Porto (FEUP), Port of Leix\u00f5es Cruise Terminal, Av. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1735-6858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahdi","family":"Alemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMDC, Van Immerseelstraat 66, 2018 Antwerp, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4337-8428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Taveira-Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering and Georesources, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto (FEUP), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Marine Energy and Hydraulic Structures Research Group, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR-LA), University of Porto (FEUP), Port of Leix\u00f5es Cruise Terminal, Av. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6721-5688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Lomonaco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"O.H. Hinsdale Wave Research Laboratory, College of Engineering, Oregon State University (OSU), Corvallis, OR 97331, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021). Getting Fit for 55 and Set for 2050: Electrifying Europe with Wind Energy, Wind Europe."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2013.01.048","article-title":"Scour prediction and scour protections in offshore wind farms","volume":"57","author":"Matutano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Renew. 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