{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T14:50:14Z","timestamp":1773931814284,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":211,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UID\/PRR\/00081\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/PRR\/00081\/2025"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["LA\/P\/0056\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0056\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMSE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Maritime decarbonization has shifted from a long-term aspiration to an engineering and systems-integrated problem under near-term compliance pressure. International regulatory bodies, governments, and a wide array of private-sector coalitions will tighten greenhouse-gas fuel-emission standards from 2028, translating climate targets into enforceable cost signals and accelerating interest in alternative-fuel and retrofit pathways. This review synthesizes the state of the art (SoA) of maritime decarbonization by mapping where technological bottlenecks concentrate along the well-to-wake (WtW) value chain for the main candidate pathways: biofuels, LNG\/bio-LNG, hydrogen, ammonia, e-methanol, and electrification, and by benchmarking them side-by-side using a unified framework designed to compare their realizable well-to-wake GHG-reduction potential under maritime operating constraints. Building on that comparative lens, this work aims to connect pathway readiness to the near-term market and regulatory reality, while the alternative-fuel-capable fleet is projected to expand rapidly, creating a structural capability vs. supply gap, in which, for example, ship readiness can outpace low-GHG fuel availability and bunkering rollout. The merged evidence indicates that near-term abatement will be dominated by scalable drop-in biofuels, whereas deep-sea options (ammonia\/hydrogen and e-fuels) remain gated by upstream low-GHG production, port infrastructure, and safety\/regulatory maturation. Nevertheless, mid-term deployment of low-GHG fuels can act as a system \u201crelief valve\u201d, reducing infrastructure lock-in and accelerating emissions reductions while zero-carbon fuel supply chains scale up.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse14060570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T11:50:36Z","timestamp":1773921036000},"page":"570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Technological Bottlenecks in Fuels for Maritime Decarbonization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3259-5729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Research Centre of the University of Porto\/Institute of Molecular Sciences (CIQUP-IMS), Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Maritime Organization\u2019s (IMO) (2023). 2023 IMO Strategy on Reduction of GHG Emissions from Ship, IMO."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ismail, A., Metwalli, M., and Alamoush, A. 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