{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T20:06:55Z","timestamp":1773778015574,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,8]],"date-time":"2020-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3G052716"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3G052716"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["654110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["654110"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032170"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMSE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a series of large-scale wave flume experiments on the scour protection damage around a monopile under combined waves and current conditions with model scales of 1:16.67 and 1:8.33. The main objective is to compare the damage data obtained from these large-scale models with existing monopile scour protection design approaches, which were proposed based on small scale wave flume experiments, and to study the applicability of the existing approaches. The static stability (onset of motion and bed shear stress) and the dynamic stability (three-dimensional damage numbers) of the scour protection are investigated. Both results show that the existing design approaches can be conservative when applied to large scale models, which highlights the need of further investigations on scale and model effects. In addition, this paper also analyses the scour protection damage depth. It is observed that damage depths of the scour protection layer under low Keulegan\u2013Carpenter number (KC) conditions are smaller than predictions. The study provides valuable large scale experimental data for future research on the monopile scour protection design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse8060417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T05:16:14Z","timestamp":1591679774000},"page":"417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Large Scale Experimental Study of the Scour Protection Damage Around a Monopile Foundation Under Combined Wave and Current Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2357-7238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minghao","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Ghent University, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Leen","family":"De Vos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geotechnics Division, Department of Mobility and Public Works, Flemish Government, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5316-4477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Emilio","family":"Arboleda Chavez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Ghent University, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4898-5692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Stratigaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Ghent University, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8549-3320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Fazeres-Ferradosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Department of Civil Engineering, Hydraulics, Water Resources and Environment Division, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3768-3314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Rosa-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Department of Civil Engineering, Hydraulics, Water Resources and Environment Division, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Taveira-Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Department of Civil Engineering, Hydraulics, Water Resources and Environment Division, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3274-0874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Troch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Ghent University, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2019.01.012","article-title":"Foundations of offshore wind turbines: A review","volume":"104","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew. 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