{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T04:52:56Z","timestamp":1772772776136,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]],"date-time":"2021-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/ECI-TRA\/28754\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/ECI-TRA\/28754\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMSE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper applies a methodology for computing external costs in an intermodal transport network that includes short sea shipping to explore the impact of external costs in its competitiveness. The network, which includes roads, freight railways, maritime and inland waterway connections, considers the specific characteristics of different transport alternatives and vehicle types, providing a fair comparison of the various modes. A case study focused on freight transportation between Northern Portugal and 75 destinations (NUTS2 regions) in north-western Europe is presented. The potential of different intermodal routes that include short sea shipping is assessed, including not only internal costs and times but also external costs per mode and unit of cargo. The impact of the different cost approaches in each country of transit is shown along with the progress that has been made in the integration of external costs, using the most recent EU estimates on marginal costs coverage ratios per country for freight transport modes. The results support the modal shift from road to sea in this corridor, providing means for modal comparison and for the development of short sea shipping\u2019s image as a sustainable mode of transportation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse9090959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T13:15:56Z","timestamp":1630934156000},"page":"959","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The Impact of the Internalization of External Costs in the Competitiveness of Short Sea Shipping"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"M\u00f3nica M.","family":"Ramalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Marine Technology and Ocean Engineering (CENTEC), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9816-9757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago A.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Marine Technology and Ocean Engineering (CENTEC), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"European Commission (2011). Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area\u2014Towards a Competitive and Resource Efficient Transport System, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"European Commission, and Secretariat-General (2019). The European Green Deal, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"European Commission, and Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport (2020). Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy\u2014Putting European Transport on Track for the Future, European Commission. COM\/2020\/789 Final."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Community of European Railway and Infrastructure Companies (2019). Position Paper, Implementing User-Pays and Polluter-Pays in Road Charging: CER\u2019s Proposals for Council Discussions on Eurovignette, CER."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Electro-Mobility Platform (2019, March 18). Position on the Proposal of 31 May 2017 by the European Commission for a Revised \u2018Eurovignette\u2019 Directive (1999\/62\/EC) on Road Charging. Available online: https:\/\/www.platformelectromobility.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/E-Mobility-Platform-Eurovignette-paper-for-Council-18-March-2019.pdf."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Community of European Railway and Infrastructure Companies (2020). Position Paper, Europe\u2019s Economic Recovery after Covid-19: Help Finance It by Applying User-Pays and Polluter-Pays Principles in Transport, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"van Essen, H., van Wijngaarden, L., Schroten, A., Sutter, D., Bieler, C., Maffii, S., Brambilla, M., Fiorello, D., Fermi, F., and Parolin, R. (2019). Handbook on the External Costs of Transport Version 2019\u20141.1, CE Delft."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/03088839.2012.671545","article-title":"Competitiveness between short sea shipping and road freight transport in mainland port connections; the case of two Greek ports","volume":"39","author":"Sambracos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Marit. Policy Manag."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Tzannatos, E., Papadimitriou, S., and Katsouli, A. (2014). The cost of modal shift: A short sea shipping service compared to its road alternative in Greece. Eur. Transp. Trasp. Eur., 1\u201320. Paper N\u00ba2."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hofbauer, F., and Putz, L.-M. (2020). External Costs in Inland Waterway Transport: An Analysis of External Cost Categories and Calculation Methods. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12145874"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1080\/01441647.2020.1714789","article-title":"Modal shift from road haulage to short sea shipping: A systematic literature review and research directions","volume":"40","author":"Raza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"van Essen, H., van Wijngaarden, L., Schroten, A., Sutter, D., Schmidt, M., Brambilla, M., Maffii, S., El Beyrouty, K., Morgan-Price, S., and Andrew, E. (2019). State of Play of Internalisation in the European Transport Sector, CE Delft."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Santos, T.A., and Guedes Soares, C. (2020). External costs in short sea shipping based intermodal transport chains. Developments in Maritime Technology and Engineering, Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, T.A., and Guedes Soares, C. (2020). Sustainability in short sea shipping-based intermodal transport chains. Short Sea Shipping in the Age of Sustainable Development and Information Technology, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429278907"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramalho, M.M., and Santos, T.A. (2021). Numerical modelling of air pollutants and greenhouse gases emissions in intermodal transport chains. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse9060679"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1057\/s41278-018-0099-7","article-title":"Evaluating the external costs of trailer transport: A comparison of sea and road","volume":"21","author":"Vierth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Marit. Econ. Logist."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Ricardo-AEA, TRT, DIW Econ & CAU (2014). Update of the Handbook on External Costs of Transport, Ricardo-AEA."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Pigou, A.C. (1920). The Economics of Welfare, Palgrave Macmillan. Palgrave classics in economics."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"World Bank (2020). State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2020, World Bank."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatziioannou, I., Alvarez-Icaza, L., Bakogiannis, E., Kyriakidis, C., and Chias-Becerril, L. (2020). A Structural Analysis for the Categorization of the Negative Externalities of Transport and the Hierarchical Organization of Sustainable Mobility\u2019s Strategies. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12156011"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102586","article-title":"Air pollutant emissions from Piraeus port: External costs and air quality levels","volume":"91","author":"Progiou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hintjens, J., van Hassel, E., Vanelslander, T., and Van de Voorde, E. (2020). Port Cooperation and Bundling: A Way to Reduce the External Costs of Hinterland Transport. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12239983"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2006.10.004","article-title":"Modelling the full costs of an intermodal and road freight transport network","volume":"12","author":"Janic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Comi, A., and Polimeni, A. (2020). Assessing the Potential of Short Sea Shipping and the Benefits in Terms of External Costs: Application to the Mediterranean Basin. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12135383"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"106","article-title":"Intermodal nodes and external costs: Re-thinking the current network organization","volume":"19","author":"Ambrosino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res. Transp. Bus. Manag."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/net.21889","article-title":"Evaluation of flow dependent external costs in freight logistics networks","volume":"74","author":"Ambrosino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Networks"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"European Parliament, and Council of the European Union (2011). Directive 2011\/76\/EU of 27 September 2011 amending Directive 1999\/62\/EC on the charging of heavy goods vehicles for the use of certain infrastructures. Off. J. Eur. Union, L269, 1\u201316."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Schroten, A., van Essen, H., van Wijngaarden, L., Sutter, D., and Andrew, E. (2019). Sustainable Transport Infrastructure Charging and Internalisation of Transport Externalities, European Commission. Report for Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vierth, I., and Merkel, A. (2020). Internalization of external and infrastructure costs related to maritime transport in Sweden. Res. Transp. Bus. Manag., 100580.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rtbm.2020.100580"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Schroten, L., van Wijngaarden, M., Brambilla, M., Gatto, S., Maffii, F., Trosky, H., Kramer, R., Monden, D., Bertschmann, M., and Killer, V. (2019). Overview of Transport Infrastructure Expenditures and Costs, European Commission. Report for Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport."}],"container-title":["Journal of Marine Science and Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/9\/9\/959\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:56:01Z","timestamp":1760165761000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/9\/9\/959"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jmse9090959"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jmse9090959","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-1312"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-1312","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]]}}}