{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T02:50:09Z","timestamp":1771469409396,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]],"date-time":"2024-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/04469\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04469\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluated the potential of Y. lipolytica (CBS 2075 and DSM 8218) to grow in waste motor oil (WMO) and produce valuable compounds, laying the foundation for a sustainable approach to WMO management. Firstly, yeast strains were screened for their growth on WMO (2\u201310 g\u00b7L\u22121) in microplate cultures. Despite limited growth, the CBS 2075 strain exhibited comparable growth to control conditions (without WMO), while DSM 8218 growth increased 2- and 3-fold at 5 g\u00b7L\u22121 and 10 g\u00b7L\u22121 WMO, respectively. The batch cultures in the bioreactor confirmed the best performance of DSM 8218. A two-stage fed-batch strategy\u2013growth phase in aliphatic hydrocarbons, followed by the addition of WMO (one pulse of 5 g\u00b7L\u22121 or five pulses of 1 g\u00b7L\u22121 WMO), significantly increased biomass production and WMO assimilation by both strains. In experiments with five pulses, CBS 2075 and DSM 8218 strains reached high proteolytic activities (593\u2013628 U\u00b7L\u22121) and accumulated high quantities of intracellular lipids (1.3\u20131.7 g\u00b7L\u22121). Yeast lipids, mainly composed of oleic and linoleic acids with an unsaturated\/saturated fraction &gt; 59%, meet the EU biodiesel standard EN 14214, making them suitable for biodiesel production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof10110777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T03:53:14Z","timestamp":1731383594000},"page":"777","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Unraveling the Potential of Yarrowia lipolytica to Utilize Waste Motor Oil as a Carbon Source"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"S\u00edlvia M.","family":"Miranda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Belo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2013Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Marlene","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2013Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1021\/ef3016816","article-title":"Chemical Characterization of Lube Oils","volume":"27","author":"Kupareva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2022.03.006","article-title":"Biodegradation of Used Motor Oil by Streptomyces Ginkgonis KM-1\u20132, Isolated from Soil Polluted by Waste Oils in the Region of Azzaba (Skikda-Algeria)","volume":"349","author":"Soumeya","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/10916466.2018.1511584","article-title":"Determination of the Content of Metals in Used Lubricating Oils Using AAS","volume":"37","author":"Wolak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pet. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33065","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-09515-4","article-title":"Occurrence of Heavy Metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Typical Used Mineral Oil from China: Implications for Risk Management","volume":"27","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Sogilub (2024, May 10). Relat\u00f3rios. Available online: https:\/\/www.sogilub.pt\/quem-somos\/relatorios\/."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-017-1502-0","article-title":"Isolation of Bacillus Cereus from Botanical Soil and Subsequent Biodegradation of Waste Engine Oil","volume":"15","author":"Bhurgri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salam, L.B. (2016). Metabolism of Waste Engine Oil by Pseudomonas Species. 3 Biotech, 6.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-016-0419-5"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14166","DOI":"10.5897\/AJB12.1339","article-title":"Biodegradation of Used Lubricating and Diesel Oils by a New Yeast Strain Candida viswanathii KA-2011","volume":"11","author":"Ramadan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Goulart, G., Coutinho, J., Monteiro, A., Siqueira, E., and Santos, V. (2014). Isolation and Characterization of Gasoline-Degrading Yeasts from Refined Oil-Contaminated Residues. J. Bioremediation Biodegrad., 5."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.13189\/ujmr.2016.040105","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of Hydrocarbon Degrading Fungi from Used (Spent) Engine Oil Polluted Soil and Their Use for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Degradation","volume":"4","author":"Mbachu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Univers. J. Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2012.04.020","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of Two Crude Oil-Degrading Yeast Strains, Yarrowia Lipolytica PG-20 and PG-32, from the Persian Gulf","volume":"64","author":"Hassanshahian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.201800126","article-title":"Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Biosurfactant Producing Yeasts from the Soil Samples Contaminated with Petroleum Derivatives","volume":"58","author":"Uyar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Basic Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.130164","article-title":"Metabolism of Hydrophobic Carbon Sources and Regulation of It in N-Alkane-Assimilating Yeast Yarrowia lipolytica","volume":"77","author":"Fukuda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800188","DOI":"10.1002\/ejlt.201800188","article-title":"Waste Cooking Oils as Feedstock for Lipase and Lipid-Rich Biomass Production","volume":"121","author":"Lopes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2017.11.007","article-title":"Microbial Lipids and Added Value Metabolites Production by Yarrowia lipolytica from Pork Lard","volume":"265","author":"Lopes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2022.12.012","article-title":"Integrated Bioprocess of Microbial Lipids Production in Yarrowia lipolytica Using Food-Waste Derived Volatile Fatty Acids","volume":"202","author":"Pereira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2024.120173","article-title":"Biomass and Microbial Lipids Production by Yarrowia Lipolytica W29 from Eucalyptus Bark Hydrolysate","volume":"224","author":"Dias","year":"2024","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miranda, S.M., Belo, I., and Lopes, M. (2024). Yarrowia lipolytica Growth, Lipids, and Protease Production in Medium with Higher Alkanes and Alkenes. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 40.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-024-04123-7"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2023.12.006","article-title":"Exploring the Use of Hexadecane by Yarrowia Lipolytica: Effect of Dissolved Oxygen and Medium Supplementation","volume":"380","author":"Miranda","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2019.06.013","article-title":"Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Fatty Acids Configuration, Chain Length, Branching and Degree of Unsaturation on Biodiesel Fuel Properties Obtained from Lauric Oils, High-Oleic and High-Linoleic Vegetable Oil Biomass","volume":"5","author":"Folayan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/2191-0855-2-36","article-title":"Evaluation of Single Cell Oil (SCO) from a Tropical Marine Yeast Yarrowia lipolytica NCIM 3589 as a Potential Feedstock for Biodiesel","volume":"2","author":"Katre","year":"2012","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4687","DOI":"10.1039\/D3SE00682D","article-title":"From Crude Glycerol and Volatile Fatty Acids to Biodiesel and Other Bioproducts Using Yarrowia lipolytica NCYC 2904 as a Cell Factory","volume":"7","author":"Pereira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-020-01132-y","article-title":"Synthesis of Single-Cell Oil by Yarrowia lipolytica MTCC 9520 Utilizing Slaughterhouse Lipid Waste for Biodiesel Production","volume":"13","author":"Radha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefinery"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123543","article-title":"Microbial Biodiesel Production from Industrial Organic Wastes by Oleaginous Microorganisms: Current Status and Prospects","volume":"402","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2008.02.020","article-title":"Biofuels Sources, Biofuel Policy, Biofuel Economy and Global Biofuel Projections","volume":"49","author":"Demirbas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ouellet, B., and Abdel-Mawgoud, A.M. (2024). Production of Genetically Engineered Designer Biodiesel from Yeast Lipids. Curr. Res. Biotechnol., 7.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crbiot.2024.100189"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2019.116553","article-title":"A Review on Feedstocks, Production Processes, and Yield for Different Generations of Biodiesel","volume":"262","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25018","DOI":"10.1039\/D1RA04311K","article-title":"A Review on Non-Edible Oil as a Potential Feedstock for Biodiesel: Physicochemical Properties and Production Technologies","volume":"11","author":"Hossain","year":"2021","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2010.10.141","article-title":"The Effect of Volatile Fatty Acids as a Sole Carbon Source on Lipid Accumulation by Cryptococcus Albidus for Biodiesel Production","volume":"102","author":"Fei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.06.074","article-title":"Valorization of Raw Glycerol and Crustacean Waste into Value Added Products by Yarrowia lipolytica","volume":"243","author":"Magdouli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Association of Official Analytical Chemists Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) (2005). Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, AOAC."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1139\/y59-099","article-title":"A Rapid Method of Total Lipid Extraction and Purification","volume":"37","author":"Bligh","year":"1959","journal-title":"Can. J. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35952","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-33538-w","article-title":"Enhancing the Biodiesel Production in the Green Alga Chlorella Vulgaris by Heavy Metal Stress and Prediction of Fuel Properties from Fatty Acid Profiles","volume":"31","author":"Saber","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.05.014","article-title":"Sustainable Biodiesel Production from Oleaginous Yeasts Utilizing Hydrolysates of Various Non-Edible Lignocellulosic Biomasses","volume":"62","author":"Patel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.18331\/BRJ2015.1.2.4","article-title":"BiodieselAnalyzer\u00a9: A User-Friendly Software for Predicting the Properties of Prospective Biodiesel","volume":"1","author":"Talebi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biofuel Res. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00417170","article-title":"Metabolism of Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Yeasts","volume":"129","author":"Cerniglia","year":"1981","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7729","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-019-09999-2","article-title":"Microbial Bioconversion of Thermally Depolymerized Polypropylene by Yarrowia lipolytica for Fatty Acid Production","volume":"103","author":"Mihreteab","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-89132012000500019","article-title":"Factors Influencing Crude Oil Biodegradation by Yarrowia lipolytica","volume":"55","author":"Ferreira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, T.F., Martins, F.F., Cayres, C.A., Amaral, P.F.F., Azevedo, D.D., and Coelho, M.A.Z. (2023). Biosurfactant Production from the Biodegradation of N-Paraffins, Isoprenoids and Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Crude Petroleum by Yarrowia lipolytica IMUFRJ 50682. Fermentation, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation9010021"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"223","article-title":"Evaluation of Crude Oil Degradation by Yarrowia lipolytica","volume":"27","author":"Martins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Trans."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, P., Zhang, X., Wang, S., Xu, W., Wang, F., Fu, R., and Wei, F. (2023). Microbial Proteases and Their Applications. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1236368"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1080\/07388551.2018.1472065","article-title":"Production of Oils and Fats by Oleaginous Microorganisms with an Emphasis given to the Potential of the Nonconventional Yeast Yarrowia lipolytica","volume":"38","author":"Carsanba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsyr.2004.09.004","article-title":"Hydrophobic Substrate Utilisation by the Yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, and Its Potential Applications","volume":"5","author":"Fickers","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2007.08.018","article-title":"Virgin and Recycled Engine Oil Differentiation: A Spectroscopic Study","volume":"90","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-014-1430-0","article-title":"Citric Acid Production in Yarrowia lipolytica SWJ-1b Yeast When Grown on Waste Cooking Oil","volume":"175","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2020.05.009","article-title":"Biochemical and Kinetic Evaluation of Lipase and Biosurfactant Assisted Ex Novo Synthesis of Microbial Oil for Biodiesel Production by Yarrowia lipolytica Utilizing Chicken Tallow","volume":"95","author":"Radha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fabiszewska, A.U., Zieniuk, B., Koz\u0142owska, M., Mazurczak-Zieniuk, P.M., Wo\u0142oszynowska, M., Misiukiewicz-St\u0119pie\u0144, P., and Nowak, D. (2021). Studies on Upgradation of Waste Fish Oil to Lipid-Rich Yeast Biomass in Yarrowia lipolytica Batch Cultures. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10020436"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, A.S., Belo, I., and Lopes, M. (2022). Enhancing Microbial Lipids Synthesis for Biodiesel Production by Y. lipolytica W29 from Volatile Fatty Acids: Two-Stage Batch Strategies. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12178614"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2021.02.014","article-title":"Factors Affecting Microbial Lipids Production by Yarrowia lipolytica Strains from Volatile Fatty Acids: Effect of Co-Substrates, Operation Mode and Oxygen","volume":"331","author":"Pereira","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2869","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-022-11900-7","article-title":"Bio-Oil Production for Biodiesel Industry by Yarrowia lipolytica from Volatile Fatty Acids in Two-Stage Batch Culture","volume":"106","author":"Pereira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, Y.K., Dulermo, T., Ledesma-Amaro, R., and Nicaud, J.M. (2018). Optimization of Odd Chain Fatty Acid Production by Yarrowia Lipolytica. Biotechnol. Biofuels, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-018-1154-4"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1039\/b903941d","article-title":"Improving Biodiesel Fuel Properties by Modifying Fatty Ester Composition","volume":"2","author":"Knothe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.04.016","article-title":"Assessment of Fuel Properties on the Basis of Fatty Acid Profiles of Oleaginous Yeast for Potential Biodiesel Production","volume":"77","author":"Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.11.048","article-title":"Impact of Alcohol on Biodiesel Production and Properties","volume":"56","author":"Verma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2016.08.001","article-title":"Biodiesel Fuels","volume":"58","author":"Knothe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Energy Combust. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2019.116817","article-title":"Comparision of Fuel Properties of Biodiesel Fuels Produced from Different Oils to Determine the Most Suitable Feedstock Type","volume":"264","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fuel"}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/10\/11\/777\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:29:08Z","timestamp":1760113748000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/10\/11\/777"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["jof10110777"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof10110777","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-608X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]]}}}