{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:44:42Z","timestamp":1760060682908,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/00772\/2020","UIDP\/00681\/2020","LA\/P\/0059\/2020","UIDB\/05183\/2020","UIDP\/05183\/2020","LA\/P\/0121\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00772\/2020","UIDP\/00681\/2020","LA\/P\/0059\/2020","UIDB\/05183\/2020","UIDP\/05183\/2020","LA\/P\/0121\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cryptococcosis, caused by the Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii species complexes (pathogenic Cryptococcus spp.), is an environmentally acquired mycosis of One Health relevance. This study integrates a PRISMA-compliant systematic review (2000\u20132025) of Portuguese animal, human, and environmental reports with a 13-year retrospective dataset of laboratory-confirmed veterinary cryptococcosis cases (2013\u20132025). Clinical specimens were cultured and identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and associations were assessed using \u03c72 and Fisher\u2019s exact tests. Of 1059 submissions, 48 (4.5%) were culture-positive: 6.8% of canine, 5.3% of feline samples, and 4.0% of avian samples, with no detections in other vertebrate groups (p = 0.705). Cryptococcus neoformans predominated in carnivores (73.7%), while Papiliotrema laurentii (formerly Cryptococcus laurentii) was most frequent in birds (86.2%). Infection was not associated with sex or age. Seasonality was evident, with a July peak and summer predominance (p = 0.010). Most cases were from the Centre region (62.5%), with significant regional variation of Cryptococcus spp. distribution (p &lt; 0.001). The systematic review confirmed autochthonous C. gattii complex disease and widespread C. neoformans contamination in pigeon guano and arboreal niches. These findings demonstrate a compartmentalised eco-epidemiology, reinforcing the need for integrated molecular typing, antifungal susceptibility testing, and coordinated human\u2013animal\u2013environment surveillance to inform targeted prevention and control strategies in Portugal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11090672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T09:07:15Z","timestamp":1757668035000},"page":"672","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["What Do We Know About Cryptococcus spp. in Portugal? One Health Systematic Review in a Comprehensive 13-Year Retrospective Study (2013\u20132025)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9339-9932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Lopes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"},{"name":"CEDIVET Veterinary Laboratories, Lionesa Business Hub, R. Lionesa 446 C24, 4465-671 Le\u00e7a do Balio, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7940-3141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreia","family":"Garc\u00eas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre (CRAS), Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5711-1905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo Lima de","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEDIVET Veterinary Laboratories, Lionesa Business Hub, R. Lionesa 446 C24, 4465-671 Le\u00e7a do Balio, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEDIVET Veterinary Laboratories, Lionesa Business Hub, R. Lionesa 446 C24, 4465-671 Le\u00e7a do Balio, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0206-6903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe","family":"Sampaio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEDIVET Veterinary Laboratories, Lionesa Business Hub, R. Lionesa 446 C24, 4465-671 Le\u00e7a do Balio, Portugal"},{"name":"Cytology and Hematology Diagnostic Services, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (U. Porto), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5031-679X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e1tia","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AniCura Santa Marinha Veterinary Hospital, R. Dom Henrique de Cernache 183, 4400-625 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Gon\u00e7alo","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEDIVET Veterinary Laboratories, Lionesa Business Hub, R. Lionesa 446 C24, 4465-671 Le\u00e7a do Balio, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7076-686X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre Sardinha de","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 70378 Stuttgart, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Ana Rita","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Unilabs Portugal, Lionesa Business Hub, R. Lionesa 446 C24, 4465-671 Le\u00e7a do Balio, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0589-3533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elsa Leclerc","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Science and Technology, University of \u00c9vora, Polo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Global Change and Sustainability Institute (CHANGE), University of \u00c9vora, Polo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6145-7560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7196-4179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"da Godinho, R.M.C., Oliveira, D.L., Albuquerque, P.C., Dutra, F.F., de Almeida-Paes, R., Rodrigues, M.L., and Fonseca, F.L. 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