{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T13:20:48Z","timestamp":1770816048901,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":166,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["UID\/00698"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00698"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["LA\/P\/0092\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0092\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Centre for Functional Ecology\u2014Science for People & the Planet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UI\/BD\/150843\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/150843\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"a PhD research","award":["PRT\/BD\/155044\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRT\/BD\/155044\/2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The presence of lithobionts has historically been associated with biodeterioration, posing significant challenges to the conservation of culturally and historically significant stone heritage. This perception stems from abundant evidence of their role in biogeophysical processes, such as mechanical disruption of stone structures, and biogeochemical processes, which chemically alter stone composition through metabolic activity. These processes, while integral to natural systems, often accelerate the weathering and deterioration of heritage materials. Coupled with the aesthetic impact of lithobiont growth, frequently resulting in discoloration or obscuring of intricate details, such effects have justified the widespread removal of these organisms from heritage surfaces. However, recent research has revealed a far more nuanced picture. These communities can enhance biodiversity, contribute to the perceived authenticity of aged monuments, and, in some cases, form a biological layer that shields stone from pollutants and weathering forces. Moreover, developments in biomediated conservation approaches, such as biocementation and biocleaning, highlight their potential as sustainable allies in preservation. This dual role of lithobionts\u2014both as friends and foes in preservation\u2014is central to this review. This review focuses on how these organisms\u2014with a particular emphasis on fungi, often perceived as enemies of conservation\u2014may also serve as unexpected partners in safeguarding our stone heritage, emphasizing the need for case-by-case evaluation of active communities and their environmental context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof12020128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T09:15:12Z","timestamp":1770801312000},"page":"128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fungi and Stone Heritage Conservation: Friend, Foe, or a Bit of Both"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1022-0213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana S.","family":"Paiva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Functional Ecology (CFE)\u2014Science for People & the Planet, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Cal\u00e7ada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8587-9469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Functional Ecology (CFE)\u2014Science for People & the Planet, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Cal\u00e7ada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1748-6345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Portugal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Functional Ecology (CFE)\u2014Science for People & the Planet, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Cal\u00e7ada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"TERRA\u2014Associate Laboratory for Sustainable Land Use and Ecosystem Services, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Cal\u00e7ada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0265-3036(91)90042-P","article-title":"The Biodeterioration of Stone: A Review of Deterioration Mechanisms, Conservation Case Histories, and Treatment","volume":"28","author":"Griffin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. 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