{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T14:24:12Z","timestamp":1777559052405,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Guarana plant is a native of the Amazon region. Due to its high amount of caffeine and tannins, the seed has medicinal and stimulating properties. The guarana industry has grown exponentially in recent years; however, little information is available about associated mycobiota, particularly endophytic fungi. The present study aimed to compare the distribution and diversity of endophytic fungi associated with the leaves and seeds of anthracnose-resistant and susceptible guarana plants produced in Mau\u00e9s and Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil. A total of 7514 endophytic fungi were isolated on Potato Dextrose Agar, Sabouraud and Czapek media, and grouped into 77 morphological groups. Overall, fungal communities in guarana leaves and seeds were mainly composed by Colletotrichum and Fusarium genera, but also by Chondrostereum, Clonostachys, Curvularia, Hypomontagnella, Lentinus, Neopestalotiopsis, Nigrospora, Peroneutypa, Phyllosticta, Simplicillium and Tinctoporellus. Obtained results indicate that some members of Colletotrichum and Fusarium genera may have experienced dysbiosis during the guarana domestication process, suggesting that some individuals may behave as latent pathogens. The susceptible guarana genotype cultivated in Manaus presented higher fungal diversity. The relative abundance of taxa and diversity among samples suggests that communities are structured by genotype and geographic location. This is the first report of mycobiota in both guarana leaves and seeds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6030123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T04:15:31Z","timestamp":1596168931000},"page":"123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Fungal Endophytic Community Associated with Guarana (Paullinia cupana Var. Sorbilis): Diversity Driver by Genotypes in the Centre of Origin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4575-1807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Micoteca da Universidade do Minho, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Blenda Naara","family":"Santos da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Tropical Agronomy, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus-AM 69067-005, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences and Natural Resources, BIOREN-UFRO, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811-230, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7484-8106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Francisca Tib\u00farcia","family":"Amorim Ferreira e Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Tropical Agronomy, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus-AM 69067-005, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4681-0941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cledir","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences and Natural Resources, BIOREN-UFRO, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811-230, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2185-0613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nelson","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Micoteca da Universidade do Minho, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7302-5661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e2nia L\u00edlia da","family":"Silva Bentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Tropical Agronomy, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus-AM 69067-005, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Rodrigues, S., Silva, E.O., Brito, E.S., Rodrigues, S., Silva, E.O., and Brito, E.S. (2018). Guarana\u2014Paullinia cupana Kunth var. sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke. Exotic Fruits, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpem.2007.12.002","article-title":"Energy drinks: The new eye-opener for adolescents","volume":"9","author":"Babu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Pediatr. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Lorenz, S.D.S. (1992). Sater\u00e9-Maw\u00e9: Os Filhos do Guaran\u00e1, Centro de Trabalho Indigenista."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2010.0381","article-title":"Energy beverages: Content and safety","volume":"85","author":"Higgins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/nem162","article-title":"Guaran\u00e1\u2019s journey from regional tonic to aphrodisiac and global energy drink","volume":"7","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alt. Med. eCAM"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7010196","article-title":"Heart rate variability and cognitive function following a multi-vitamin and mineral supplementation with added guarana (Paullinia cupana)","volume":"7","author":"Pomportes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5173","article-title":"Guarana (Paullinia cupana Mart.) prevents \u03b2-amyloid aggregation, generation of advanced glycation-end products (AGEs), and acrolein-induced cytotoxicity on human neuronal-like cells","volume":"28","author":"Bittencourt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Guarana (Paullinia cupana) extract protects Caenorhabditis elegans models for Alzheimer disease and Huntington disease through activation of antioxidant and protein degradation pathways","volume":"2018","author":"Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327110389837","article-title":"Paullinia cupana Mart. var. sorbilis protects human dopaminergic neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line against rotenone-induced cytotoxicity","volume":"30","author":"Barreto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5499","article-title":"Hypercholesterolemia and ecto-enzymes of purinergic system: Effects of Paullinia cupana","volume":"30","author":"Ruchel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6330","article-title":"Guarana supplementation attenuated obesity, insulin resistance, and adipokines dysregulation induced by a standardized human western diet via brown adipose tissue activation","volume":"33","author":"Bortolin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lima, N.D.S., Teixeira, L., Gambero, A., and Ribeiro, M.L. (2018). Guarana (Paullinia cupana) stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis in mice fed high-fat diet. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10020165"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.142","article-title":"Anti-obesogenic and antidiabetic effects of plants and mushrooms","volume":"13","author":"Martel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2018.05.048","article-title":"Health and technological aspects of methylxanthines and polyphenols from guarana: A review","volume":"47","author":"Santana","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.05.038","article-title":"Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of ethanol extract from Paullinia cupana Mart","volume":"102","author":"Basile","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.5897\/JMPR2013.5067","article-title":"Paullinia cupana Kunth (Sapindaceae): A review of its ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology","volume":"7","author":"Hamerski","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antioxidant properties of amazonian fruits: A mini review of in vivo and in vitro studies","volume":"2019","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2017.1324994","article-title":"Guaran\u00e1, a highly caffeinated food, presents in vitro antitumor activity in colorectal and breast cancer cell lines by inhibiting AKT\/mTOR\/S6K and MAPKs pathways","volume":"69","author":"Rosa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjp.2018.08.007","article-title":"Paullinia cupana: A multipurpose plant\u2014A review","volume":"29","author":"Marques","year":"2018","journal-title":"Braz. J. Pharmacogn."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.04.013","article-title":"Acute and subchronic toxicological evaluation of the semipurified extract of seeds of guaran\u00e1 (Paullinia cupana) in rodents","volume":"48","author":"Kaneshima","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01202562","article-title":"Analysis of guarana seeds II. Studies on the composition of the tannin fraction","volume":"190","author":"Marx","year":"1990","journal-title":"Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.22491\/rca.2018.2558","article-title":"Sele\u00e7\u00e3o de clones de guaranazeiro para adaptabilidade e estabilidade no estado do Amazonas","volume":"61","author":"Pinto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Ci\u00eanc. Agr\u00e1r."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Market Data Forecast (2019). Guarana Seed Extract Market by Form (Powder and Liquid) by Distribution (Health Stores, Drug Stores, Online Retailing and Other Channels) by Application (Pharmaceuticals, Dietary Supplements, Cosmetics, Food and Beverages, and Others), and by Region\u2014Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, And Forecast To 2024, Custom Market Research Services."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"IBGE (2017). Levantamento sistem\u00e1tico da produ\u00e7\u00e3o agr\u00edcola. Intituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica, IBGE."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"IBGE (2018). Levantamento sistem\u00e1tico da produ\u00e7\u00e3o agr\u00edcola: Pesquisa mensal de previs\u00e3o e acompanhamento das safras agr\u00edcolas no ano civil. Intituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica, IBGE."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2020, May 27). Clima Mau\u00e9s: Temperatura, Tempo e Dados Climatol\u00f3gicos Mau\u00e9s\u2014Climate-Data.org. Available online: https:\/\/pt.climate-data.org\/america-do-sul\/brasil\/amazonas\/maues-879673\/."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Albuquerque, F.C. (1960). Antracnose do Guaran\u00e1, IAN. 1-37: Boletim T\u00e9cnico."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo, J.C.A., Pereira, J.C.R., Gasparotto, L., and Arruda, D.M.R. (2006). O Complexo Superbrotamento do Guaranazeiro e Seu Controle, Embrapa Amaz\u00f4nia Central."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, J.R.C. (1967). Notas Sobre as Doen\u00e7as e Pragas do Guaran\u00e1 no Estado do Amazonas, IPEAN."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Tavares, A.M., Atroch, A.L., Nascimento Filho, D.F.J., Pereira, J.C.R., Ara\u00fajo, D.J.C.A., Moares, L.A.C., Santos, L.P., Garcia, M.V.B., Arruda, D.M.R., and Sousa, N.R. (2005). Cultura do Guaranazeiro no Amazonas, Embrapa Amaz\u00f4nia Ocidental. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo, J.C.A., Pereira, J.C.R., Gasparotto, L., Arruda, D.M.R., and Moreira, A. (2007). Antracnose do Guaranazeiro e Seu Controle, Embrapa Amaz\u00f4nia Ocidental."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo, J.C.A., Pereira, J.C.R., Gasparotto, L., Arruda, D.M.R., Nascimento Filho, D.F.J., and Moreira, A. (2007, January 31). Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o de fungicidas no controle da antracnose do guaranazeiro. Proceedings of the Embrapa Amaz\u00f4nia Ocidental-Artigo em Anais de Congresso (ALICE), Manaus, Brazil."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.22931","article-title":"The holobiont concept before Margulis","volume":"334","author":"Baedke","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zoology Part B Mol. Dev. Evol."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Margulis, L., and Fester, R. (1991). Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation: Speciation and Morphogenesis, MIT Press."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2008.00123.x","article-title":"Role of microorganisms in the evolution of animals and plants: The hologenome theory of evolution","volume":"32","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5273","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6273","article-title":"Assembly of complex plant-fungus networks","volume":"5","author":"Toju","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.13312","article-title":"The importance of the microbiome of the plant holobiont","volume":"206","author":"Vandenkoornhuyse","year":"2015","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s11103-015-0412-0","article-title":"Fungal endophytes: Modifiers of plant disease","volume":"90","author":"Busby","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.12066","article-title":"The contribution of foliar endophytes to quantitative resistance to Melampsora rust","volume":"197","author":"Raghavendra","year":"2013","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1566","article-title":"Environmental conditions and host genotype direct genetic diversity of Venturia ditricha, a fungal endophyte of birch trees","volume":"56","author":"Ahlholm","year":"2002","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1139\/b06-075","article-title":"Susceptibility of endophyte-infected grasses to winter pathogens (snow molds)","volume":"84","author":"Helander","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azevedo Silva, F., Liotti, R.G., Boleti, A.P.D.A., Reis, \u00c9.D.M., Passos, M.B.S., dos Santos, E.L., Sampaio, O.M., Janu\u00e1rio, A.H., Branco, C.L.B., and Silva, D.G.F. (2018). Diversity of cultivable fungal endophytes in Paullinia cupana (Mart.) Ducke and bioactivity of their secondary metabolites. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195874"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjm.2018.03.003","article-title":"The potential of compounds isolated from Xylaria spp. as antifungal agents against anthracnose","volume":"49","author":"Elias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-2-579","article-title":"Endophytic fungi from the Amazonian plant Paullinia cupana and from Olea europaea isolated using cassava as an alternative starch media source","volume":"2","author":"Sia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Springer Plus"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1590\/S0044-59672004000200006","article-title":"Atividade antimicrobiana de fungos endof\u00edticos isolados de plantas t\u00f3xicas da Amaz\u00f4nia: Palicourea longiflora (aubl.) Rich e Strychnos cogens Bentham","volume":"34","author":"Souza","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Amazon."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Barnett, H.L., and Hunter, B.B. (1972). Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi, Burgess Publishing Company. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Seifert, K., Morgan-Jones, G., Gams, W., and Kendrick, B. (2011). The Genera of Hyphomycetes, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Pitt, J.I. (1979). The Genus Penicillium and Its Teleomorphic States Eupenicillium and Talaromyces, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sutton, B.C. (1980). The Coelomycetes. Fungi Imperfecti with Pycnidia, Acervuli and Stromata, Commonwealth Mycol. Inst.","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851984469.0000"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"45","article-title":"Single-spore and single-cell cultures of fungi. Two new methods particularly useful in the isolation of fungal spores and cells","volume":"125A","author":"Takashio","year":"1974","journal-title":"Ann. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J., White, T.J., Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J., and White, T.J. (1990). Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. PCR Protocls: A Guide to Methods and Applications, Inoculum."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh340","article-title":"MUSCLE: Multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput","volume":"32","author":"Edgar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","article-title":"MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across Computing Platforms","volume":"35","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msz312","article-title":"Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) for macOS","volume":"37","author":"Stecher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026334","article-title":"Selection of conserved blocks from multiple alignments for their use in phylogenetic analysis","volume":"17","author":"Castresana","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01731581","article-title":"A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences","volume":"16","author":"Kimura","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Mol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.2307\/2408678","article-title":"Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap","volume":"39","author":"Felsenstein","year":"1985","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W256","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz239","article-title":"Interactive tree of life (iTOL) v4: Recent updates and new developments","volume":"47","author":"Letunic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McMurdie, P.J., and Holmes, S. (2013). Phyloseq: An R package for reproducible interactive analysis and graphics of microbiome census data. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061217"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickham, H. (2009). ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-98141-3"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12613","article-title":"iNEXT: An R package for rarefaction and extrapolation of species diversity (Hill numbers)","volume":"7","author":"Hsieh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3745","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03933-0","article-title":"Diversity of endophytic mycobiota of tropical tree Tectona grandis Linn.f.: Spatiotemporal and tissue type effects","volume":"7","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5929","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24313-2","article-title":"Diversity and bioactive potential of culturable fungal endophytes of Dysosma versipellis; a rare medicinal plant endemic to China","volume":"8","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2000.00716.x","article-title":"Identification of endophytic fungi from Livistona chinensis based on morphology and rDNA sequences","volume":"147","author":"Guo","year":"2000","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"235","article-title":"Taxonomic placement of sterile morphotypes of endophytic fungi from Pinus tabulaeformis (Pinaceae) in northeast China based on rDNA sequences","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fungal Divers."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/21501203.2012.656724","article-title":"Endophytic fungal diversity: Review of traditional and molecular techniques","volume":"3","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mycology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3767\/persoonia.2018.41.06","article-title":"Removing chaos from confusion: Assigning names to common human and animal pathogens in Neocosmospora","volume":"41","author":"Crous","year":"2018","journal-title":"Persoonia"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1590\/S0365-05962005000700004","article-title":"Preserva\u00e7\u00e3o de fungos em \u00e1gua destilada","volume":"80","author":"Diogo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anais Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1080\/00275514.1994.12026408","article-title":"Preserving cultures of wood-decaying Basidiomycotina using sterile distilled water in cryovials","volume":"86","author":"Burdsall","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mycologia"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Okafor, N. (2007). Modern Industrial Microbiolohy and Biotechnology, Science Publishers."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.5943\/sif\/3\/1\/31","article-title":"Diversity of endophytic fungi associated with the medicinally important aromatic plant Gaultheria fragrantissima","volume":"3","author":"Sarma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stud. Fungi"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selim, K.A., Waill, A.E., Ahmed, M.T., Ahmed, A.E.-B., Tahany, M.A.-R., Ahmed, I.E.-D., and Eman, F.A. (2018). Antiviral and antioxidant potential of fungal endophytes of Egyptian medicinal plants. Fermentation, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation4030049"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"1","article-title":"Why nuclear ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) has been selected as the DNA barcode for fungi?","volume":"4","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Gen. Eng."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1890\/13-0133.1","article-title":"Rarefaction and extrapolation with Hill numbers: A framework for sampling and estimation in species diversity studies","volume":"84","author":"Chao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Alfenas, A.C., and Mafia, R.G. (2016). M\u00e9todos em Fitopatologia, Editora UFV. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.2307\/1943154","article-title":"Fungal endophytes in stems and leaves: From latent pathogen to mutualistic symbiont","volume":"69","author":"Carroll","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajamanikyam, M., Vadlapudi, V., amanchy, R., Upadhyayula, S.M., Rajamanikyam, M., Vadlapudi, V., amanchy, R., and Upadhyayula, S.M. (2017). Endophytic fungi as novel resources of natural therapeutics. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol., 60.","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4324-2017160542"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.3852\/14-206","article-title":"Unexpected diversity of basidiomycetous endophytes in sapwood and leaves of Hevea","volume":"107","author":"Martin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycologia"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/S0044-59672014000100001","article-title":"Atividade in vitro de extratos de Pycnoporus sanguineus e Lentinus crinitus sobre o fitopat\u00f3geno Fusarium sp.","volume":"44","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Amazon."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iqbal, M., Dubey, M., Gudmundsson, M., Viketoft, M., Jensen, D.F., and Karlsson, M. (2018). Comparative evolutionary histories of fungal proteases reveal gene gains in the mycoparasitic and nematode-parasitic fungus Clonostachys rosea. BMC Evol. Biol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-018-1291-1"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2005.10.006","article-title":"Purification and characterization of an extracellular serine protease from Clonostachys rosea and its potential as a pathogenic factor","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, C.G., Xu, Y.F., Liu, W.J., Zhou, W., Tao, N., Tu, H.H., Huang, X.W., Yang, J.K., and Zhang, K.Q. (2010). Expression of a serine protease gene prCIs up-regulated by oxidative stress in the fungus Clonostachys rosea: Implications for fungal survival. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013386"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.2478\/jppr-2014-0049","article-title":"Mycoparasitic nature of Bionectria sp. strain 6.21","volume":"54","author":"Melo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Plant Protect. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1080\/09583157.2018.1498063","article-title":"Clonostachys rosea, a potential biological control agent for Rhizoctonia solani AG-3 causing black scurf on potato","volume":"28","author":"Salamone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biocontr. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.21475\/ajcs.18.12.05.PNE1073","article-title":"Antagonism of fungi with biocontrol potential of papaya black spot caused by Asperisporium caricae","volume":"12","author":"Vivas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Austr. J. Crop Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"83","article-title":"Effects of fungal strains on seeds germination of millet and Striga hermonthica","volume":"2","author":"Hassan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Univ. J. Agricult. Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hung, R., and Lee Rutgers, S. (2016). Applications of Aspergillus in plant growth promotion. New Future Dev. Microbial Biotechnol. Bioeng., 223\u2013227.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63505-1.00018-X"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1590\/s0102-053620190111","article-title":"Growth promotion and productivity of lettuce using Trichoderma spp. commercial strains","volume":"37","author":"Pereira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Horticult. Bras."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1080\/17429145.2015.1079743","article-title":"Endophytic fungi promote plant growth and mitigate the adverse effects of stem rot: An example of Penicillium citrinum and Aspergillus terreus","volume":"10","author":"Waqas","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Plant Interact."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funeco.2016.04.002","article-title":"An Epichlo\u00eb endophyte improves photosynthetic ability and dry matter production of its host Achnatherum inebrians infected by Blumeria graminis under various soil water conditions","volume":"22","author":"Xia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fungal Ecol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.14106","article-title":"Arabidopsis thaliana root colonization by the nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia is modulated by jasmonate signaling and leads to accelerated flowering and improved yield","volume":"213","author":"Escudero","year":"2017","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00050-14","article-title":"The hidden world within plants: Ecological and evolutionary considerations for defining functioning of microbial endophytes","volume":"79","author":"Hardoim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s00344-011-9256-2","article-title":"Biocontrol agent Talaromyces flavus stimulates the growth of cotton and potato","volume":"31","author":"Naraghi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pcm144","article-title":"The plant growth-promoting fungus Penicillium simplicissimum GP17-2 induces resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana by activation of multiple defense signals","volume":"48","author":"Hossain","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plant Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-009-9982-9","article-title":"Cladosporium sphaerospermum as a new plant growth-promoting endophyte from the roots of Glycine max (L.) Merr","volume":"25","author":"Hamayun","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.5941\/MYCO.2015.43.4.373","article-title":"Diversity and plant growth promoting capacity of endophytic fungi associated with halophytic plants from the west coast of Korea","volume":"43","author":"Khalmuratova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycobiology"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funeco.2017.02.007","article-title":"The root endophytic fungus Curvularia geniculata from Parthenium hysterophorus roots improves plant growth through phosphate solubilization and phytohormone production","volume":"27","author":"Priyadharsini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fungal Ecol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.12556","article-title":"Endophytic Phomopsis sp. colonization in Oryza sativa was found to result in plant growth promotion and piperine production","volume":"160","author":"Chithra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01142","article-title":"The fungal and bacterial rhizosphere microbiome associated with grapevine rootstock genotypes in mature and young vineyards","volume":"10","author":"Berlanas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-38344-2","article-title":"Leaf-associated microbiomes of grafted tomato plants","volume":"9","author":"Toju","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbr.2017.05.001","article-title":"Life styles of Colletotrichum species and implications for plant biosecurity","volume":"31","author":"Crous","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fungal Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2016.05.008","article-title":"Dissecting endophytic lifestyle along the parasitism\/mutualism continuum in Arabidopsis","volume":"32","author":"Fesel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2372","article-title":"Lifestyle transitions in plant pathogenic Colletotrichum fungi deciphered by genome and transcriptome analyses","volume":"44","author":"Thon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1007\/s10295-014-1496-2","article-title":"Endophytic fungi: Expanding the arsenal of industrial enzyme producers","volume":"41","author":"Rhoden","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2016.12.021","article-title":"Enzymatic activity of endophytic fungi from the medicinal plants Terminalia catappa, Terminalia mantaly and Cananga odorata","volume":"109","author":"Toghueo","year":"2017","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS.2000.84.1.100A","article-title":"First report of Colletotrichum truncatum on alfalfa in Turkey","volume":"84","author":"Eken","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-06-12-0531-PDN","article-title":"First report of Colletotrichum chlorophyti causing soybean anthracnose","volume":"96","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.17221\/120\/2018-PPS","article-title":"Endophytic fungi and latent pathogens in the sedge Carex secalina (Cyperaceae), a critically endangered species in Europe","volume":"55","author":"Sandecki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Protect. Sci."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"131","article-title":"Are some endophytes of Musa acuminata latent pathogens?","volume":"16","author":"Photita","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fungal Divers."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/jph.12726","article-title":"Diversity of fungal latent pathogens and true endophytes associated with fruit trees in Uruguay","volume":"166","author":"Sessa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phytopathol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbr.2007.06.002","article-title":"Botryosphaeriaceae as endophytes and latent pathogens of woody plants: Diversity, ecology and impact","volume":"21","author":"Slippers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fungal Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"140","article-title":"Endophytic fungi as latent pathogens in Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms","volume":"3","author":"Soumya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Sci. Res. Manag."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrews, J.H., Hirano, S.S., Andrews, J.H., and Hirano, S.S. (1991). Fungal endophytes of tree leaves. Microbial Ecology of Leaves, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-3168-4"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.py.12.090174.000531","article-title":"Latent infections by fungi","volume":"12","author":"Verhoeff","year":"1974","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Phytopathol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2017.03.010","article-title":"Ecological patterns of seed microbiome diversity, transmission, and assembly","volume":"37","author":"Shade","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.00024","article-title":"What is there in seeds? Vertically transmitted endophytic resources for sustainable improvement in plant growth","volume":"9","author":"Shahzad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_117","unstructured":"Sousa, N.R. (2004). Variabilidade Gen\u00e9tica e Estimativas de Par\u00e2metros Gen\u00e9ticos em Germoplasma de Guaranazeiro, Embrapa Amaz\u00f4nia Ocidental."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freeman, S., and Rodriguez, R.J. (1993). Genetic conversion of a fungal plant pathogen to a nonpathogenic, endophytic mutualist. Science.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.260.5104.75"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lofgren, L.A., LeBlanc, N.R., Certano, A.K., Nachtigall, J., LaBine, K.M., Riddle, J., Broz, K., Dong, Y., Bethan, B., and Kafer, C.W. (2018). Fusarium graminearum: Pathogen or endophyte of North American grasses?. New Phytol.","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.14894"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3114\/sim0020","article-title":"Phylogenetic lineages in the Botryosphaeriales: A systematic and evolutionary framework","volume":"76","author":"Slippers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stud. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-013-0464-x","article-title":"Endophytic fungi from Peruvian highland and lowland habitats form distinctive and host plant-specific assemblages","volume":"22","author":"Unterseher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funeco.2010.01.001","article-title":"Identifying wood-inhabiting fungi with 454 sequencing\u2014What is the probability that BLAST gives the correct species?","volume":"3","author":"Ovaskainen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fungal Ecol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2010.03373.x","article-title":"454 Pyrosequencing and Sanger sequencing of tropical mycorrhizal fungi provide similar results but reveal substantial methodological biases","volume":"188","author":"Tedersoo","year":"2010","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycres.2009.02.002","article-title":"Dilution-to-extinction cultivation of leaf-inhabiting endophytic fungi in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)\u2014Different cultivation techniques influence fungal biodiversity assessment","volume":"113","author":"Unterseher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mycol. Res."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, T., and Yao, Y.-F. (2015). Endophytic fungal communities associated with vascular plants in the high Arctic zone are highly diverse and host-plant specific. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130051"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-016-0804-y","article-title":"Plant host and geographic location drive endophyte community composition in the face of perturbation","volume":"72","author":"Christian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbial Ecol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycres.2007.10.014","article-title":"Geographic locality and host identity shape fungal endophyte communities in cupressaceous trees","volume":"112","author":"Hoffman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mycol Res."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-015-0712-6","article-title":"Plant host species and geographic distance affect the structure of aboveground fungal symbiont communities, and environmental filtering affects belowground communities in a coastal dune ecosystem","volume":"71","author":"David","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbial Ecol."},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"236","article-title":"Survival rate of guarana herbaceous cuttings in different substrates","volume":"31","author":"Pereira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cienc. Agrotecnol."},{"key":"ref_130","unstructured":"Garcia, T.B., and Nascimento Filho, D.F.J. (1999). O Cultivo do Guarana no Amazonas, Embrapa Amaz\u00f4nia Ocidental."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-204X2012001000006","article-title":"Enraizamento de estacas de cultivares de guaranazeiro com aduba\u00e7\u00e3o de plantas matrizes","volume":"47","author":"Albertino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pesqui. Agropecu. Bras."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1080\/00103624.2015.1043461","article-title":"Spacing and plant density in the yield components, nutritional status, and soil fertility of guarana varieties grown in humid tropical Amazon","volume":"46","author":"Moreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0457-9","article-title":"The hologenome concept of evolution after 10 years","volume":"6","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/6\/3\/123\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:53:11Z","timestamp":1760176391000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/6\/3\/123"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"references-count":133,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jof6030123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof6030123","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-608X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]}}}