{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T08:35:24Z","timestamp":1769848524038,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]],"date-time":"2021-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/MAR\/04292\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/MAR\/04292\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020.06230.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.06230.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"COMPETE Portugal2020","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-024517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-024517"]}]},{"name":"COMPETE, Portugal2020 and Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["70155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["70155"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fungal phytopathogens are a growing problem all over the world; their propagation causes significant crop losses, affecting the quality of fruits and vegetables, diminishing the availability of food, leading to the loss of billions of euros every year. To control fungal diseases, the use of synthetic chemical fungicides is widely applied; these substances are, however, environmentally damaging. Marine algae, one of the richest marine sources of compounds possessing a wide range of bioactivities, present an eco-friendly alternative in the search for diverse compounds with industrial applications. The synthesis of such bioactive compounds has been recognized as part of microalgal responsiveness to stress conditions, resulting in the production of polyphenols, polysaccharides, lipophilic compounds, and terpenoids, including halogenated compounds, already described as antimicrobial agents. Furthermore, many studies, in vitro or in planta, have demonstrated the inhibitory activity of these compounds with respect to fungal phytopathogens. This review aims to gather the maximum of information addressing macroalgae extracts with potential inhibition against fungal phytopathogens, including the best inhibitory results, while presenting some already reported mechanisms of action.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7121006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T01:43:22Z","timestamp":1638323002000},"page":"1006","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Marine Macroalgae, a Source of Natural Inhibitors of Fungal Phytopathogens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1805-3023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T\u00e2nia F. L.","family":"Vicente","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polit\u00e9cnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal"},{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Laborat\u00f3rio de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9887-1864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco F. L.","family":"Lemos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polit\u00e9cnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4766-3736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"F\u00e9lix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polit\u00e9cnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal"},{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Laborat\u00f3rio de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0740-4396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Valent\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Laborat\u00f3rio de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carina","family":"F\u00e9lix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polit\u00e9cnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s12571-012-0200-5","article-title":"Crop Losses Due to Diseases and Their Implications for Global Food Production Losses and Food Security","volume":"4","author":"Savary","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Secur."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2017.11.012","article-title":"Emerging Microbial Biocontrol Strategies for Plant Pathogens","volume":"267","author":"Rahman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.07.035","article-title":"Recent Advances and Remaining Barriers to Producing Novel Formulations of Fungicides for Safe and Sustainable Agriculture","volume":"326","author":"Tleuova","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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