{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:58:07Z","timestamp":1760151487184,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]],"date-time":"2022-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["793965","952051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["793965","952051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Climate change and atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition on drylands are greatly threatening these especially vulnerable areas. Soil biocrust-forming lichens in drylands can provide early indicators of these disturbances and play a pivotal role, as they contribute to key ecosystem services. In this study, we explored the effects of different long-term water availability regimes simulating climate changes and their interaction with N addition on the physiological response of the soil lichen Cladonia rangiferina. Three sets of this lichen were subjected to control, reduced watering, and reduced watering and N addition (40 kg NH4NO3 ha\u22121 year\u22121) treatments for 16 months. Finally, all samples were subjected to daily hydration cycles with N-enriched water at two levels (40 and 80 kg NH4NO3 ha\u22121 year\u22121) for 23 days. We found that reduced watering significantly decreased the vitality of this lichen, whereas N addition unexpectedly helped lichens subjected to reduced watering to cope with stress produced by high temperatures. We also found that long-term exposure to N addition contributed to the acclimation to higher N availability. Overall, our data suggest that the interactions between reduced watering and increased N supply and temperature have an important potential to reduce the physiological performance of this soil lichen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8040333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]],"date-time":"2022-03-23T22:08:06Z","timestamp":1648073286000},"page":"333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Non-Toxic Increases in Nitrogen Availability Can Improve the Ability of the Soil Lichen Cladonia rangiferina to Cope with Environmental Changes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9544-1188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lourdes","family":"Morillas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Bloco C2, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2110-5023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Roales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Bloco C2, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Sistemas F\u00edsicos, Qu\u00edmicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. Utrera Km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3100-463X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Bloco C2, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0071-7699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvana","family":"Munzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Bloco C2, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Interuniversit\u00e1rio de Hist\u00f3ria das Ci\u00eancias e da Tecnologia Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1184946","article-title":"Drylands in the earth system","volume":"327","author":"Schimel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1590","article-title":"Biosphere responses to CO2 enrichment","volume":"10","author":"Korner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1131634","article-title":"Ecology: Global desertification: Building a science for dryland development","volume":"316","author":"Reynolds","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Cherlet, M., Hutchinson, C., Reynolds, J., Hill, J., Sommer, S., and von Maltitz, G. (2018). World Atlas of Desertification: Rethinking Land Degradation and Sustainable Land Management, Publications Office."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3062","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0323","article-title":"It is getting hotter in here: Determining and projecting the impacts of global environmental change on drylands","volume":"367","author":"Maestre","year":"2012","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12116","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1509150112","article-title":"Climate change and physical disturbance cause similar community shifts in biological soil crusts","volume":"112","author":"Ferrenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13376","article-title":"Contribution of semi-arid ecosystems to interannual variability of the global carbon cycle","volume":"509","author":"Poulter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa1668","article-title":"The dominant role of semi-arid ecosystems in the trend and variability of the land CO2 sink","volume":"348","author":"Raupach","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Whitford, W.G. (2002). Ecology of Desert Systems, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2014). Climate Change 2013\u2014The Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107415324"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.2307\/1941447","article-title":"The problem of pattern and scale in ecology","volume":"73","author":"Levin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12048","article-title":"The problem of pattern and scale in ecology: What have we learned in 20 years?","volume":"16","author":"Chave","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-007-9057-4","article-title":"Interactions across spatial scales among forest dieback, fire, and erosion in northern New Mexico landscapes","volume":"10","author":"Allen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2010.10.021","article-title":"Effects of nitrogen deposition and soil fertility on cover and physiology of Cladonia foliacea (Huds.) Willd., a lichen of biological soil crusts from Mediterranean Spain","volume":"159","author":"Manrique","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2006.01104.x","article-title":"Atmospheric nitrogen deposition in world biodiversity hotspots: The need for a greater global perspective in assessing N deposition impacts","volume":"12","author":"Phoenix","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0341-8162(99)00053-3","article-title":"Soil and water components of banded vegetation patterns","volume":"37","author":"Valentin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Belnap, J., and Lange, O.L. (2001). Biological Soil Crusts: Structure, Function, and Management, Springer."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1071\/SR9940389","article-title":"Microbiotic soil crusts: A review of their roles in soil and ecological processes in the rangelands of australia","volume":"32","author":"Eldridge","year":"1994","journal-title":"Aust. J. Soil Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106817","article-title":"More tolerant than expected: Taking into account the ability of Cladonia portentosa to cope with increased nitrogen availability in environmental policy","volume":"119","author":"Munzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.12364","article-title":"Lichen traits responding to aridity","volume":"103","author":"Matos","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.1996.tb01902.x","article-title":"Photosynthetic responses of a moss, Tortula ruralis, ssp. ruralis, and the lichens Cladonia convoluta and C. furcata to water deficit and short periods of desiccation, and their ecophysiological significance: A baseline study at present-day CO2 concentrat","volume":"133","author":"Tuba","year":"1996","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00776410","article-title":"Water status related photosynthesis and carbon isotope discrimination in species of the lichen genus Pseudocyphellaria with green or blue-green photobionts and in photosymbiodemes","volume":"75","author":"Lange","year":"1988","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Kappen, L. (1997). Cellular water uptake, translocation and PSII activation during rehydration of desiccated. Bibliotheca Lichenologica: Vol. 67. New Species and Novel Aspects in Ecology and Physiology of Lichens, Cramer."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"251","article-title":"Diel patterns of CO2-exchange for six lichens from a temperate rain forest in New Zealand","volume":"18","author":"Green","year":"1995","journal-title":"Symbiosis"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-008-0990-5","article-title":"Predicting lichen hydration using biophysical models","volume":"156","author":"Jonsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2010.02201.x","article-title":"Carbon exchange in biological soil crust communities under differential temperatures and soil water contents: Implications for global change","volume":"16","author":"Grote","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0016","article-title":"Do biotic interactions modulate ecosystem functioning along stress gradients? Insights from semi-arid plant and biological soil crust communities","volume":"365","author":"Maestre","year":"2010","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1654-1103.2010.01236.x","article-title":"Relationships between biological soil crusts, bacterial diversity and abundance, and ecosystem functioning: Insights from a semi-arid Mediterranean environment","volume":"22","author":"Bowker","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Veg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2009.05.005","article-title":"The integrity of lichen cell membrane as a suitable parameter for monitoring biological effects of acute nitrogen pollution","volume":"72","author":"Munzi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2012.07.001","article-title":"Physiological response of the epiphytic lichen Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach. to ecologically relevant nitrogen concentrations","volume":"171","author":"Munzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2011.02033.x","article-title":"Using lichen functional diversity to assess the effects of atmospheric ammonia in Mediterranean woodlands","volume":"48","author":"Pinho","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morillas, L., Roales, J., Cruz, C., and Munzi, S. (2021). Resilience of epiphytic lichens to combined effects of increasing nitrogen and solar radiation. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7050333"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1071\/FP12127","article-title":"Nitrogen tolerance in the lichen Xanthoria parietina: The sensitive side of a resistant species","volume":"40","author":"Munzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Funct. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-015-2512-5","article-title":"Differences between Sensitivity of Mycobiont and Photobiont of Cladonia sp. Lichens to Different Types of Nitrogen Exposure","volume":"226","author":"Goga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s11557-020-01584-6","article-title":"The bright and shaded side of duneland life: The photosynthetic response of lichens to seasonal changes is species-specific","volume":"19","author":"Veres","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycol. Prog."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-010-0628-3","article-title":"Linking N-driven biodiversity changes with soil N availability in a Mediterranean ecosystem","volume":"341","author":"Dias","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"EMEP (2021, December 03). MSC-W\u2014Co-Operative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-Range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe. Available online: https:\/\/www.emep.int\/mscw\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2003)053[0404:EEONDI]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Ecological effects of nitrogen deposition in the western United States","volume":"53","author":"Fenn","year":"2003","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s10533-003-4106-3","article-title":"Biogeochemical budgets in a mediterranean catchment with high rates of atmospheric N deposition\u2014Importance of scale and temporal asynchrony","volume":"70","author":"Meixner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biogeochemistry"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-015-1676-1","article-title":"In situ monitoring of microclimate and metabolic activity in lichens from Antarctic extremes: A comparison between South Shetland Islands and the McMurdo Dry Valleys","volume":"39","author":"Raggio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polar Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2010.02.008","article-title":"Effects of ammonia from livestock farming on lichen photosynthesis","volume":"158","author":"Paoli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-004-1519-1","article-title":"Water pulses and biogeochemical cycles in arid and semiarid ecosystems","volume":"141","author":"Austin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2013.06.010","article-title":"Wetting and drying events determine soil N pools in two Mediterranean ecosystems","volume":"72","author":"Morillas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01007582","article-title":"Nitrogen limitation in dryland ecosystems: Responses to geographical and temporal variation in precipitation","volume":"46","author":"Hooper","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biogeochemistry"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"538","article-title":"Assessing the vitality of Himalayan lichens by measuring their photosynthetic performances using chlorophyll fluorescence technique","volume":"97","author":"Nayaka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mishler, B.D., and Oliver, M.J. (2018). Putting Physcomitrella Patens on the Tree of Life: The Evolution and Ecology of Mosses. Annual Plant Reviews, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119312994.apr0384"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1890\/11-2247.1","article-title":"Precipitation-driven carbon balance controls survivorship of desert biocrust mosses","volume":"93","author":"Coe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-011-2184-9","article-title":"Experimental climate warming decreases photosynthetic efficiency of lichens in an arid South African ecosystem","volume":"169","author":"Maphangwa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/S0367-2530(17)31005-8","article-title":"Experimentell-\u00f6kologische Untersuchungen an Flechten der Negev-W\u00fcste: II. CO2-Gaswechsel und Wasserhaushalt von Ramalina maciformis (Del.) Bory am nat\u00fcrlichen Standort w\u00e4hrend der sommerlichen Trockenperiode","volume":"159","author":"Lange","year":"1970","journal-title":"Flora"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00346818","article-title":"Heat tolerance of two Cladonia species and Campylopus praemorsus in a hot steam vent area of Hawaii","volume":"47","author":"Kappen","year":"1980","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026598724487","article-title":"Bryophytes as experimental models for the study of environmental stress tolerance: Tortula ruralis and desiccation-tolerance in mosses","volume":"151","author":"Oliver","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2698","DOI":"10.1139\/b81-320","article-title":"Response of the moss Tortula ruralis to desiccation treatments. I. Effects of minimum water content and rates of dehydration and rehydration","volume":"59","author":"Schonbeck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2707","DOI":"10.1139\/b81-321","article-title":"Responses of the moss Tortula ruralis to desiccation treatments. II. Variations in desiccation tolerance","volume":"59","author":"Schonbeck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1086\/425671","article-title":"Do the Sexes of the Desert Moss Syntrichia caninervis Differ in Desiccation Tolerance? A Leaf Regeneration Assay","volume":"166","author":"Stark","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.2005.01346.x","article-title":"Evidence of drought-induced stress on biotic crust moss in the Mojave Desert","volume":"28","author":"Barker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1639\/0007-2745-111.4.576","article-title":"Desiccation-tolerance in lichens: A review","volume":"111","author":"Kranner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bryologist"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.4.2121-2129.2005","article-title":"Rehydration of the lichen Ramalina lacera results in production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide and a decrease in antioxidants","volume":"71","author":"Weissman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"113","article-title":"The effect of desiccation on the activities of antioxidant enzymes in lichens from habitats of contrasting water status","volume":"31","author":"Mayaba","year":"2001","journal-title":"Symbiosis"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1017\/S0024282908007676","article-title":"Diel and seasonal courses of ambient carbon dioxide concentration and their effect on productivity of the epilithic lichen Lecanora muralis in a temperate, suburban habitat","volume":"40","author":"Lange","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lichenologist"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2021.108387","article-title":"Divergent responses of moss- and lichen-dominated biocrusts to warming and increased drought in arid desert regions","volume":"303","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-018-0250-4","article-title":"Climatic Sensitivity of Dryland Soil CO2 Fluxes Differs Dramatically with Biological Soil Crust Successional State","volume":"22","author":"Tucker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00386723","article-title":"Environmental stress and Umbilicaria lichens: The effect of high temperature pretreatments","volume":"55","author":"Larson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2007.01509.x","article-title":"Global change and biological soil crusts: Effects of ultraviolet augmentation under altered precipitation regimes and nitrogen additions","volume":"14","author":"Belnap","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.15000","article-title":"Warming reduces the cover, richness and evenness of lichen-dominated biocrusts but promotes moss growth: Insights from an 8 yr experiment","volume":"220","author":"Gozalo","year":"2018","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.1998.00292.x","article-title":"Relationships between atmospheric nitrogen inputs and the vertical nitrogen and phosphorus concentration gradients in the lichen Cladonia portentosa","volume":"140","author":"Crittenden","year":"1998","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-002-1019-0","article-title":"CO2 exchange and thallus nitrogen across 75 contrasting lichen associations from different climate zones","volume":"133","author":"Palmqvist","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.11.110180.001313","article-title":"The Mineral Nutrition of Wild Plants","volume":"11","author":"Chapin","year":"1980","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2006.01754.x","article-title":"Responses of the green algal foliose lichen Platismatia glauca to increased nitrogen supply","volume":"171","author":"Palmqvist","year":"2006","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28065","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-0378-3","article-title":"Intra- and inter-specific variations in chitin in lichens along a N-deposition gradient","volume":"24","author":"Munzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-003-0977-8","article-title":"Carbon and nitrogen distribution in the green algal lichens Hypogymnia physodes and Platismatia glauca in relation to nutrient supply","volume":"217","author":"Dahlman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"49","article-title":"Urban lichen studies in Italy. I. The town of Trieste","volume":"5","author":"Nimis","year":"1985","journal-title":"Stud. Geobot."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"147","article-title":"Urban lichen studies in Italy. II. The town of Udine","volume":"7","author":"Nimis","year":"1986","journal-title":"Gortania"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"347","article-title":"The influence of water relations on lichen SO2-resistance","volume":"25","author":"Wirth","year":"1987","journal-title":"Bibl. Lichenol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2006.03.030","article-title":"Is the diversity of epiphytic lichens a reliable indicator of air pollution? A case study from Italy","volume":"146","author":"Giordani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"131","article-title":"Lichens as indicators of the ecological conditions of the habitat","volume":"23","author":"Rydzak","year":"1968","journal-title":"Ann. Univ. Marie Curie-Sklodowska"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12304","article-title":"Lichens as ecological indicators in urban areas: Beyond the effects of pollutants","volume":"51","author":"Munzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-011-2104-z","article-title":"Water availability modifies tolerance to photo-oxidative pollutants in transplants of the lichen Flavoparmelia caperata","volume":"168","author":"Tretiach","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4321","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-4321-2006","article-title":"Emissions of primary aerosol and precursor gases in the years 2000 and 1750 prescribed data-sets for AeroCom","volume":"6","author":"Dentener","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ward, D. (2008). The Biology of Deserts, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199211470.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005559518889","article-title":"A green planet versus a desert world: Estimating the maximum effect of vegetation on the land surface climate","volume":"44","author":"Kleidon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2003)053[0941:ATROTE]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Assessing the Response of Terrestrial Ecosystems to Potential Changes in Precipitation","volume":"53","author":"Weltzin","year":"2003","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-004-1683-3","article-title":"Thresholds, memory, and seasonality: Understanding pulse dynamics in arid\/semi-arid ecosystems","volume":"141","author":"Schwinning","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2745.2005.01060.x","article-title":"Resilience and resistance of ecosystem functional response to a precipitation pulse in a semi-arid grassland","volume":"94","author":"Potts","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1596","article-title":"Changes to dryland rainfall result in rapid moss mortality and altered soil fertility","volume":"2","author":"Reed","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2014.09.019","article-title":"Biocrusts modulate warming and rainfall exclusion effects on soil respiration in a semi-arid grassland","volume":"80","author":"Escolar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/8\/4\/333\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:41:27Z","timestamp":1760136087000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/8\/4\/333"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["jof8040333"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof8040333","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2309-608X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]]}}}