{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T11:05:52Z","timestamp":1774436752872,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad de La Frontera","award":["DFP21-0020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFP21-0020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Penicillium digitatum is one of the most important phytopathogens. It causes deterioration and rotting of citrus fruits, generating significant economic losses worldwide. As a human pathogen, it is extremely rare. We present a case of pulmonary co-infection in a patient diagnosed with pneumonia due to SARS-CoV-2. A 20-year-old female patient, primigravid, 36 weeks of gestation, without comorbidities, and diagnosed with severe pneumonia due to the SARS-CoV-2, showed rapid lung deterioration for which their pregnancy was interrupted by surgery. The patient was hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), connected to mechanical ventilation and receiving corticosteroids and antibiotics. The diagnosis of pulmonary fungal infection was made through bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) culture, and the species identification was performed by sequencing of \u03b2-tubulin. Phylogenetic analysis with related species was performed for the confirmation of species identification. Antifungal susceptibility tests were performed for itraconazole (4 \u00b5g\/mL), voriconazole (2 \u00b5g\/mL), and amphotericin B (2 \u00b5g\/mL). The patient was successfully treated with itraconazole. This is the second worldwide report of pulmonary infection by P. digitatum and the first in Chile. Although it is a fungus that rarely infects humans, it could represent an emerging opportunistic fungal pathogen, with associated risk factors that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of Penicillium species isolated from infections in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8090961","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T23:16:36Z","timestamp":1663197396000},"page":"961","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Penicillium digitatum, First Clinical Report in Chile: Fungal Co-Infection in COVID-19 Patient"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Isabel","family":"Iturrieta-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinic Sciences, Medicine Faculty, Laboratory of Molecular Immunoparasitology, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine-Scientific and Technological Nucleus (CEMT-BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4810296, Chile"},{"name":"Jeffrey Modell Center of Diagnosis and Research in Primary Immunodeficiencies, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4810296, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7748-8580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annesi","family":"Giacaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeffrey Modell Center of Diagnosis and Research in Primary Immunodeficiencies, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4810296, Chile"}]},{"given":"Patricio","family":"Godoy-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Microbiolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Paciente Cr\u00edtico, Hospital Dr. Hern\u00e1n Henr\u00edquez Aravena, Temuco 4781151, Chile"}]},{"given":"Marcela","family":"Sep\u00falveda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Science and Natural Resources, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4681-0941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cledir","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Science and Natural Resources, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Toledo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Paciente Cr\u00edtico, Hospital Dr. Hern\u00e1n Henr\u00edquez Aravena, Temuco 4781151, Chile"}]},{"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Paciente Cr\u00edtico, Hospital Dr. Hern\u00e1n Henr\u00edquez Aravena, Temuco 4781151, Chile"}]},{"given":"Leandro","family":"Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Paciente Cr\u00edtico, Hospital Dr. Hern\u00e1n Henr\u00edquez Aravena, Temuco 4781151, Chile"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"San Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Subdepartamento Laboratorio Cl\u00ednico, Hospital Dr. Hern\u00e1n Henr\u00edquez Aravena, Temuco 4781151, Chile"}]},{"given":"Vitalia","family":"Bahamondes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Subdepartamento Laboratorio Cl\u00ednico, Hospital Dr. Hern\u00e1n Henr\u00edquez Aravena, Temuco 4781151, Chile"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Collao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Subdepartamento Laboratorio Cl\u00ednico, Hospital Dr. Hern\u00e1n Henr\u00edquez Aravena, Temuco 4781151, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4853-4282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinic Sciences, Medicine Faculty, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine-Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (CEMT-BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4810296, Chile"}]},{"given":"Flery","family":"Fonseca-Salamanca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinic Sciences, Medicine Faculty, Laboratory of Molecular Immunoparasitology, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine-Scientific and Technological Nucleus (CEMT-BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4810296, Chile"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2011.08.016","article-title":"Infection capacities in the orange-pathogen relationship: 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