{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T07:27:09Z","timestamp":1771658829672,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":293,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,29]],"date-time":"2023-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Joint Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U1812401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1812401"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Botryosphaeriales (Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota) occur in a wide range of habitats as endophytes, saprobes, and pathogens. The order Botryosphaeriales has not been subjected to evaluation since 2019 by Phillips and co-authors using phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses. Subsequently, many studies introduced novel taxa into the order and revised several families separately. In addition, no ancestral character studies have been conducted for this order. Therefore, in this study, we re-evaluated the character evolution and taxonomic placements of Botryosphaeriales species based on ancestral character evolution, divergence time estimation, and phylogenetic relationships, including all the novel taxa that have been introduced so far. Maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference analyses were conducted on a combined LSU and ITS sequence alignment. Ancestral state reconstruction was carried out for conidial colour, septation, and nutritional mode. Divergence times estimates revealed that Botryosphaeriales originated around 109 Mya in the early epoch of the Cretaceous period. All six families in Botryosphaeriales evolved in the late epoch of the Cretaceous period (66\u2013100 Mya), during which Angiosperms also appeared, rapidly diversified and became dominant on land. Families of Botryosphaeriales diversified during the Paleogene and Neogene periods in the Cenozoic era. The order comprises the families Aplosporellaceae, Botryosphaeriaceae, Melanopsaceae, Phyllostictaceae, Planistromellaceae and Saccharataceae. Furthermore, current study assessed two hypotheses; the first one being \u201cAll Botryosphaeriales species originated as endophytes and then switched into saprobes when their hosts died or into pathogens when their hosts were under stress\u201d; the second hypothesis states that \u201cThere is a link between the conidial colour and nutritional mode in botryosphaerialean taxa\u201d. Ancestral state reconstruction and nutritional mode analyses revealed a pathogenic\/saprobic nutritional mode as the ancestral character. However, we could not provide strong evidence for the first hypothesis mainly due to the significantly low number of studies reporting the endophytic botryosphaerialean taxa. Results also showed that hyaline and aseptate conidia were ancestral characters in Botryosphaeriales and supported the relationship between conidial pigmentation and the pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriales species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9020184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T02:54:37Z","timestamp":1675047277000},"page":"184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Re-Evaluating Botryosphaeriales: Ancestral State Reconstructions of Selected Characters and Evolution of Nutritional Modes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8498-2715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Achala R.","family":"Rathnayaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Plant Medicine, National Chiayi University, 300 Syuefu Road, Chiayi City 60004, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5816-9269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K. W. Thilini","family":"Chethana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6367-9784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan J. L.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9232-228X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian-Kui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4815-125X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milan C.","family":"Samarakoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}]},{"given":"E. B. Gareth","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7080-0781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha C.","family":"Karunarathna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8668-1075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang-Lin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1080\/15572536.2006.11832632","article-title":"A multigene phylogeny of the Dothideomycetes using four nuclear loci","volume":"98","author":"Schoch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mycologia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3767\/003158512X658766","article-title":"Phylogeny and taxonomic revision of the Planistromellaceae including its coelomycetous anamorphs: Contributions towards a monograph of the genus Kellermania","volume":"29","author":"Minnis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pers. 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