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These microbial oils are promising sustainable alternatives to vegetable oils for biodiesel production. In this study, we explored adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE), under methanol- and high glycerol concentration-induced selective pressures, to improve the robustness of a Rhodotorula toruloides strain, previously selected to produce lipids from sugar beet hydrolysates by completely using the major C (carbon) sources present. An evolved strain, multi-tolerant not only to methanol but to four major inhibitors present in LCH (acetic acid, formic acid, hydroxymethylfurfural, and furfural) was isolated and the mechanisms underlying such multi-tolerance were examined, at the cellular envelope level. Results indicate that the evolved multi-tolerant strain has a cell wall that is less susceptible to zymolyase and a decreased permeability, based on the propidium iodide fluorescent probe, in the absence or presence of those inhibitors. The improved performance of this multi-tolerant strain for lipid production from a synthetic lignocellulosic hydrolysate medium, supplemented with those inhibitors, was confirmed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9111073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T09:16:21Z","timestamp":1698916581000},"page":"1073","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["An Evolved Strain of the Oleaginous Yeast Rhodotorula toruloides, Multi-Tolerant to the Major Inhibitors Present in Lignocellulosic Hydrolysates, Exhibits an Altered Cell Envelope"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"M\u00f3nica A.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"iBB\u2014Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Marta N.","family":"Mota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iBB\u2014Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. 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