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Despite typically occurring at low concentrations (ranging from ng\/L to \u00b5g\/L), advancements in analytical methods and more sensitive equipment have enabled the detection of a higher number of pharmaceuticals. In this study, surface and wastewater samples were extracted using solid phase extraction and analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Among the therapeutic classes investigated, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs\/analgesics, antibiotics, and psychiatric drugs showed a higher number of detected pharmaceuticals. Concentrations ranged from below method detection limit (&lt;MDL) to 3.20 \u00b5g\/L (caffeine) and &lt;MDL to 639 \u00b5g\/L (hydroxyibuprofen) in 2018, and from &lt;MDL to 0.848 \u00b5g\/L (diclofenac) and &lt;MDL to 53.0 \u00b5g\/L (caffeine) in 2019 for river water and wastewater samples. Temporal analysis showed an increase in the sum of pharmaceutical concentrations over the study years, highlighting the importance of monitoring pharmaceuticals in the environment and their potential accumulation over time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jox14030048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T09:23:59Z","timestamp":1719998639000},"page":"873-892","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Temporal Analysis of Pharmaceuticals as Emerging Contaminants in Surface Water and Wastewater Samples: A Case Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9593-1355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Pa\u00edga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00edsa","family":"Correia-S\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3014-5089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8548-2528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1guas do Centro Litoral, SA, Grupo \u00c1guas de Portugal, ETA da Boavista, Avenida Dr. Lu\u00eds Albuquerque, 3030-410 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Jorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1guas do Centro Litoral, SA, Grupo \u00c1guas de Portugal, ETA da Boavista, Avenida Dr. Lu\u00eds Albuquerque, 3030-410 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jaime Gabriel","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1guas do Douro e Paiva, SA, Grupo \u00c1guas de Portugal, Rua de Vilar, 235 5\u00b0, 4050-626 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3924-776X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Delerue-Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"European Enviroment Agency (EEA) (2024, February 12). 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