{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T04:31:45Z","timestamp":1771993905996,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["2023.03608.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.03608.BD"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/00772\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00772\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024791","name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["UID\/04033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024791","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024791","name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["LA\/P\/0126\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0126\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024791","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Research Centre"},{"name":"AL4AnimalS","award":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoX"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of sweeteners in e-cigarette liquids has become increasingly common, aiming to enhance the sensory appeal of vaping products. Compounds like aspartame, saccharin, and sucralose are added to provide a sweet taste without any calories, especially in flavored e-liquids popular among younger users. However, recent studies suggest that these additives may pose significant health risks when vaporized and inhaled. Sucralose, in particular, can break down into potentially harmful chlorinated by-products at high temperatures typical of vaping devices. Moreover, there is growing concern about the synergistic effects of sweeteners like sucralose, one sweetener with another and when combined with other e-liquid components. It has been observed that the presence of sucralose may amplify oxidative stress; genotoxicity, including mutations; and overall toxicity, along with environmental impact. This is not limited to nicotine- and smoke-related harm, as it may strengthen the toxic effect of the substances used in e-liquids that are not present in traditional cigarettes. The combined exposure to these heated compounds can intensify cytotoxicity, potentially increasing the risk of respiratory, cardiovascular, and neurological effects over time. While marketed as safer alternatives to tobacco, e-cigarettes containing sweeteners like sucralose may introduce new and poorly understood toxicological hazards that deserve urgent regulatory attention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jox15060209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T08:39:18Z","timestamp":1765442358000},"page":"209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sweeteners in E-Cigarettes: A Minireview of Flavoring and Biological Action"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7696-0954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Volodymyr V.","family":"Tkach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Faculty, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s\/n, 4200-065 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4836-1035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tetiana V.","family":"Morozova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Scientific Institution \u201cInstitute of Ecological Restoration and Development of Ukraine\u201d, Environment Remediation Section, Mytropolite Vasyl Lypkivsky Str. 35, 01001 Kyiv, Ukraine"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4461-7021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Gaiv\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9566-3100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Martins-Bessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Yana G.","family":"Ivanushko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disaster and Military Medicine Department, Bukovinian State Medical University, Teatralna Sq. 9, 58001 Chernivtsi, Ukraine"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 In\u00e1cio Ferr\u00e3o de Paiva","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Faculty, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s\/n, 4200-065 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5834-6141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Novo","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-022-01286-7","article-title":"E-Cigarettes and Youth: An Unresolved Public Health Concern","volume":"48","author":"Virgili","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ital. 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