{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T08:41:48Z","timestamp":1767084108389,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]],"date-time":"2022-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04585\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04585\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sex determination in forensic dentistry is a major step towards postmortem profiling. The most widely recognized method is DNA, yet its application in the dental field of forensic sciences is still impractical. Depending on the conditions of the remains, teeth are often the only surviving organ. Some systematic reviews (SRs) have been recently produced; hence this umbrella review critically assesses their level of evidence and provides an overall comprehensive view. An electronic database search was conducted in four databases (PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, and LILACS) and three grey search engines up to December 2021, focusing on SRs of sex determination through forensic dentistry procedures. The methodological quality of the SRs was analyzed using the measurement tool to assess SRs criteria (AMSTAR2). Five SRs were included, two of critically low quality and three of low quality. The SRs posited that canines are the most dimorphic teeth; oral tissue remnants are a rich source for sex determination by DNA tracing; and artificial intelligence tools demonstrate high potential in forensic dentistry. The quality of evidence on sex determination using dental approaches was rated as low. Well-designed clinical trials and high standard systematic reviews are essential to corroborate the accuracy of the different procedures of sex determination in forensic dentistry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12050787","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]],"date-time":"2022-05-13T08:37:02Z","timestamp":1652431022000},"page":"787","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["An Umbrella Review of the Evidence of Sex Determination Procedures in Forensic Dentistry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2106-9563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Albernaz Neves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz, CRL, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0146-6369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathalie","family":"Antunes-Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Ci\u00eancias Forenses e Psicol\u00f3gicas Egas Moniz (LCFPEM), Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz, CRL, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2503-260X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz, CRL, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Orthodontics Department, Egas Moniz Dental Clinic (EMDC), Egas Moniz, CRL, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1019-8263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Botelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz, CRL, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8482-5936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Proen\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quantitative Methods for Health Research (MQIS), CiiEM, Egas Moniz, CRL, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5188-0453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Quintas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Ci\u00eancias Forenses e Psicol\u00f3gicas Egas Moniz (LCFPEM), Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz, CRL, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Sintra Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz, CRL, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Orthodontics Department, Egas Moniz Dental Clinic (EMDC), Egas Moniz, CRL, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0167-4077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Jo\u00e3o","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz, CRL, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Morphological Study of Tongue and Its Role in Forensics Odontology","volume":"7","author":"Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci. Crim. Investig."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.02.001","article-title":"Sexual Dimorphism in Permanent Teeth of Modern Greeks","volume":"210","author":"Zorba","year":"2011","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"INTERPOL (2018). Disaster Victim Identification Guide. INTERPOL DVI Guide Review, INTERPOL. Volume Guide & Annexures."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.040","article-title":"Analyses of Odontometric Sexual Dimorphism and Sex Assessment Accuracy on a Large Sample","volume":"20","author":"Angadi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Forensic Leg. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.09.019","article-title":"Odontometric Sex Variation in Malaysians with Application to Sex Prediction","volume":"234","author":"Khamis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2014.05.002","article-title":"Sex Determination by Tooth Size in a Sample of Greek Population","volume":"65","author":"Mitsea","year":"2014","journal-title":"HOMO J. Comp. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1177\/0025802415575415","article-title":"A New Approach to Sex Estimation Using the Mandibular Canine Index","volume":"56","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Law"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neves, J.A., Antunes-Ferreira, N., Machado, V., Botelho, J., Proen\u00e7a, L., Quintas, A., Mendes, J.J., and Delgado, S. (2020). Sex Prediction Based on Mesiodistalwidth Data in the Portuguese Population. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10124156"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2008.12.003","article-title":"Variability and Patterning in Permanent Tooth Size of Four Human Ethnic Groups","volume":"54","author":"Brook","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"289","article-title":"How Reliable Is Sex Differentiation from Teeth Measurements","volume":"4","author":"Joseph","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oral Maxillofac. Pathol. J."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1433","article-title":"Types of Palatal Rugae for Sex Determination in the Indonesian Subpopulation","volume":"12","author":"Basman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Int. Dent. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-008-0279-6","article-title":"The Comparison between Measurement of Open Apices of Third Molars and Demirjian Stages to Test Chronological Age of over 18 Year Olds in Living Subjects","volume":"122","author":"Cameriere","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Leg. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1336","DOI":"10.1002\/wfs2.1336","article-title":"Y-chromosome Short Tandem Repeats in Forensics\u2014Sexing, Profiling, and Matching Male DNA","volume":"1","author":"Roewer","year":"2019","journal-title":"WIREs Forensic Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Odontological Sex Estimation Methods","volume":"35","author":"Capitaneanu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Forensic Odontostomatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b2535","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2535","article-title":"Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement","volume":"339","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.12.005","article-title":"Quality Varies across Clinical Practice Guidelines for Mammography Screening in Women Aged 40\u201349 Years as Assessed by AGREE and AMSTAR Instruments","volume":"64","author":"Burda","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell, M., McKenzie, J.E., Sowden, A., Katikireddi, S.V., Brennan, S.E., Ellis, S., Hartmann-Boyce, J., Ryan, R., Shepperd, S., and Thomas, J. (2020). Synthesis without Meta-Analysis (SWiM) in Systematic Reviews: Reporting Guideline. BMJ, 368.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l6890"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2020.101826","article-title":"Application and Performance of Artificial Intelligence Technology in Forensic Odontology\u2014A Systematic Review","volume":"48","author":"Khanagar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leg. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"2","article-title":"Tooth Crown Mesiodistal Measurements for the Determination of Sexual Dimorphism across a Range of Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"37","author":"Lopes","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Forensic Odontostomatol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"288","article-title":"Canines Mesiodistal Measures as the Key to Sex Prediction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"68","author":"Pratapiene","year":"2016","journal-title":"Minerva Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41935-020-00210-6","article-title":"Molecular Analysis for Sex Determination in Forensic Dentistry: A Systematic Review","volume":"10","author":"Maulani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W1","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-0698","article-title":"Transparent Reporting of a Multivariable Prediction Model for Individual Prognosis or Diagnosis (TRIPOD): Explanation and Elaboration","volume":"162","author":"Moons","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."}],"container-title":["Journal of Personalized Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/12\/5\/787\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:10:21Z","timestamp":1760137821000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/12\/5\/787"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["jpm12050787"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm12050787","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4426"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-4426"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]]}}}