{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:21:15Z","timestamp":1760145675422,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sport","award":["FPU20\/04201","MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU20\/04201","MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"European Social Found Investing in your future","award":["FPU20\/04201","MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU20\/04201","MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"European Union NextGenerationEU\/PRTR","award":["FPU20\/04201","MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU20\/04201","MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Depression is a mental disorder that causes great discomfort, is associated with unhealthy lifestyle habits, and affects the quality of life. People with pain show high depressive symptoms and a prevalence of physical inactivity. This study aimed to analyse the associations between depression (self-reported depression, depression status, depressive symptoms, and depression types) and physical activity frequency (PAF) in leisure time in middle-aged and older people with different pain levels (low, medium, and severe) living in Spain. A cross-sectional study based on the European Health Survey data from Spain (2014\u20132020) was carried out, with a final sample of 13,686 people with pain. Associations between depression-related variables and PAF were studied at the three levels of pain, comparing the prevalence of depression as a function of PAF. Regression models were performed to assess adjusted risk factors for depression (self-reported depression and depression status). It was found that PAF was related to depression at all three pain levels. Inactive people at each pain level had higher depression prevalence (self-reported depression, depression status, depression symptoms, and depressive types). Physical inactivity emerged as a risk factor for depression, both for self-reported depression and for depression status. Thus, increased PAF could help prevent or reduce depression and depressive symptoms in people with pain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14080855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T03:46:36Z","timestamp":1723607196000},"page":"855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Relationship between Depression and Physical Activity Frequency in Spanish People with Low, Medium, and High Pain Levels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5740-305X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1ngel","family":"Denche-Zamorano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Promoting a Healthy Society Research Group (PHeSO), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Desporto e Sa\u00fade, Escola de Sa\u00fade e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7004-516 Evora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6794-7002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Salas-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuelas Universitarias Gimbernat (EUG), Physiotherapy School Cantabria, University of Cantabria, 39300 Torrelavega, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5254-7409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose A.","family":"Parraca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Desporto e Sa\u00fade, Escola de Sa\u00fade e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7004-516 Evora, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), University of Evora, 7004-516 Evora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7780-3942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Tomas-Carus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Desporto e Sa\u00fade, Escola de Sa\u00fade e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7004-516 Evora, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), University of Evora, 7004-516 Evora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7203-3168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Carmelo","family":"Adsuar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Promoting a Healthy Society Research Group (PHeSO), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7128-5451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabina","family":"Barrios-Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Impact and Innovation in Health (InHEALTH), Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Machado, M.O., Veronese, N., Sanches, M., Stubbs, B., Koyanagi, A., Thompson, T., Tzoulaki, I., Solmi, M., Vancampfort, D., and Schuch, F.B. 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