{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T12:29:46Z","timestamp":1775651386944,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]],"date-time":"2020-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["project UIDB\/04011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project UIDB\/04011\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JRFM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper aims to analyze the determinants of profitability and bank efficiency in the Iberian Peninsula. To achieve the proposed objective, a sample of 66 Portuguese and Spanish banks was analyzed. To test the hypotheses formulated according to the proposed literature review, the panel data methodology was used; specifically, the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) system model proposed by and the Tobit model. The results point out that the banking performance, measured in terms of profitability and efficiency, in the Iberian Peninsula, is influenced by internal management variables, but also by the macroeconomic environment. More interestingly, and new in the Iberian banking sector literature, the results prove a positive and negative non-linear relationship between bank size and their levels of profitability and efficiency, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jrfm13110284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]],"date-time":"2020-11-17T07:23:28Z","timestamp":1605597808000},"page":"284","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Bank Profitability and Efficiency in Portugal and Spain: A Non-Linearity Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6250-1113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Elisabete","family":"Neves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Business School ISCAC, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Quinta Agr\u00edcola\u2013Bencanta, 3045-231 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CETRAD\u2013DESG, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Proen\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Business School ISCAC, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Quinta Agr\u00edcola\u2013Bencanta, 3045-231 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CETRAD\u2013DESG, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1108\/IJBM-07-2016-0090","article-title":"Efficiency of Qatari banking industry: An empirical investigation","volume":"35","author":"Haron","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Bank Marketing"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2017.03.009","article-title":"Bank branch efficiency under environmental change: A bootstrap DEA on monthly profit and loss accounting statements of Greek retail branches","volume":"261","author":"Aggelopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1080\/02692171.2015.1122747","article-title":"Looking at the determinants of efficiency in banking: Evidence from Italian mutual-cooperatives","volume":"30","author":"Aiello","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Review of Applied Economics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.21511\/imfi.13(1).2016.08","article-title":"Determinants of banks\u2019 profitability\u2014The case of Jordan","volume":"13","author":"Alshatti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investment Management and Financial Innovations"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-015-1987-1","article-title":"Measuring slacks-based efficiency for commercial banks in China by using a two-stage DEA model with undesirable output","volume":"235","author":"An","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annals of Operations Research"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.2307\/2297968","article-title":"Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations","volume":"58","author":"Arellano","year":"1991","journal-title":"The Review of Economic Studies"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intfin.2006.07.001","article-title":"Bank-specific, industry-specific and macroeconomic determinants of bank profitability","volume":"18","author":"Athanasoglou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of International Financial Market, Institutions and Money"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.30.9.1078","article-title":"Some Models for Estimating Technical and Scale Inefficiencies in Data Envelopment Analysis","volume":"30","author":"Banker","year":"1984","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banna, Hasanul, Shah, Karim Syed Bux, Noman, Abu Hanifa Md, Ahmad, Rabiah, and Masud, Mehedi (2019). 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