{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T06:38:20Z","timestamp":1768804700314,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JRFM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic and induced economic and social constraints have significantly impacted the confidence of both consumers and businesses. Despite that, comprehensive studies of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the consumer and business sentiment are still lacking. Thus, in our research we aim to identify consumer and business confidence indicators\u2019 reaction to the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Eurozone, the United States, and China. For this purpose, we used the method of correlation\u2013regression analysis. We chose the consumer-confidence index, manufacturing purchasing manager\u2019s index, and services purchasing manager\u2019s index as dependent variables; and the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19, the number of deaths caused by COVID-19, and the mortality rate of COVID-19 infections as independent variables. The results showed a relatively rapid and robust effect of COVID-19 in the short period, but longer-term results depended on the region and were not so unambiguous: in the case of the Eurozone, the spread of COVID-19 pandemic did not affect the consumer-confidence index (CCI) or, in the cases of the United States and China, affected this index negatively; the purchasing managers\u2019 index (PMI) in the services sector was significantly negatively affected by the mortality risk of COVID-19 infection; and the impact on the purchasing managers\u2019 index (PMI) in the manufacturing industry appeared to be mixed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jrfm14040159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T10:34:09Z","timestamp":1617359649000},"page":"159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Consumer and Business Confidence Indicators"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8107-1964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deimante","family":"Teresiene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Finance Department, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Vilnius University, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8089-8866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Greta","family":"Keliuotyte-Staniuleniene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finance Department, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Vilnius University, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania"}]},{"given":"Yiyi","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Research Institute for Economics and Management, Wan Chai, Hong Kong, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6083-2894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rasa","family":"Kanapickiene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finance Department, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Vilnius University, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania"}]},{"given":"Ruihui","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Economics, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand"}]},{"given":"Siyan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Engineering and Technology Institute, Wan Chai, Hong Kong, China"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Guang","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 1516, Cyprus"},{"name":"Rattanakosin International College of Creative Entrepreneurship, Rajamangala University of Technology Rattanakosin, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand"},{"name":"School of Domestic and International Business, Banking and Finance, Romanian-American University, 012101 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"CIICESI, ESTG, Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, 4610-156 Felgueiras, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"Can news help measure economic sentiment? 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