{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T15:51:54Z","timestamp":1773330714250,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JSAN"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This experimental study focuses on the comparison between two different sensors for vibration signals: a magnetoresistive sensor and an accelerometer as a calibrated reference. The vibrations are collected from a variable speed inductor motor setup, coupled to a ball bearing load with adjustable misalignments. To evaluate the performance of the magnetoresistive sensor against the accelerometer, several vibration measurements are performed in three different axes: axial, horizontal and vertical. Vibration velocity measurements from both sensors were collected and analyzed based on spectral decomposition of the signals. The high cross-correlation coefficient between spectrum vibration signatures in all experimental measurements shows good agreement between the proposed magnetoresistive sensor and the reference accelerometer performances. The results demonstrate the potential of this type of innovative and non-contact approach to vibration data collection and a prospective use of magnetoresistive sensors for predictive maintenance models for inductive motors in Industry 4.0 applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan10010022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,15]],"date-time":"2021-03-15T02:51:48Z","timestamp":1615776708000},"page":"22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Magnetoresistive Sensors and Piezoresistive Accelerometers for Vibration Measurements: A Comparative Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6810-2447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rogerio","family":"Dionisio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6000-767 Castelo Branco, Portugal"},{"name":"DiSAC\u2014R&amp;D Unit for Digital Services, Applications and Contents, 6000-767 Castelo Branco, Portugal"},{"name":"INESC TEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4835-5022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6000-767 Castelo Branco, Portugal"},{"name":"SYSTEC\u2014Research Center for Systems &amp; Technologies, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0500-0459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armando","family":"Ramalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6000-767 Castelo Branco, Portugal"},{"name":"CEMMPRE\u2014Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0953-2225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INL\u2014International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/058310249803000102","article-title":"Fault diagnosis of rotating machinery","volume":"30","author":"Edwards","year":"1998","journal-title":"Shock Vib. Dig."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ndteint.2005.08.008","article-title":"Vibration monitoring for defect diagnosis of rolling element bearings as a predictive maintenance tool: Comprehensive case studies","volume":"39","author":"Orhan","year":"2006","journal-title":"NDT E Int."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Mitchell, J.S. (1993). Introduction to Machinery Analysis and Monitoring, Pennwell Books, PennWell Publishing Company."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patil, S.S., and Gaikwad, J.A. (2013, January 4\u20136). Vibration analysis of electrical rotating machines using FFT: A method of predictive maintenance. Proceedings of the 2013 Fourth International Conference on Computing, Communications and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT), Tiruchengode, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCNT.2013.6726711"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Rad, M.K., Torabizadeh, M., and Noshadi, A. (2011, January 16\u201318). Artificial Neural Network-based fault diagnostics of an electric motor using vibration monitoring. Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Transportation, Mechanical, and Electrical Engineering (TMEE), Changchun, China."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsypkin, M. (2011, January 15\u201318). Induction motor condition monitoring: Vibration analysis technique\u2014A practical implementation. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Electric Machines Drives Conference (IEMDC), Niagara Falls, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMDC.2011.5994629"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pelegri, J., Alberola, J., Lajara, R., and Santiso, J. (2007, January 1\u20133). Vibration detector based on GMR sensors. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Technology Conference (IMTC), Warsaw, Poland.","DOI":"10.1109\/IMTC.2007.379261"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caruso, M.J. (1997). Applications of Magnetoresistive Sensors in Navigation Systems, SAE International. Technical Report, SAE Technical Paper.","DOI":"10.4271\/970602"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Toth, D.M., Dewald, R.E., and Tripathy, B. (2008). Integrated Sensor-Seal Module for Detecting Angular Position of A Crankshaft. (7,341,257), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Bajorek, C.H. (2014). Magnetoresistive (MR) Heads and the Earliest MR Head-Based Disk Drives: Sawmill and Corsair, Computer History Museum."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28665","DOI":"10.3390\/s151128665","article-title":"Recent developments of magnetoresistive sensors for industrial applications","volume":"15","author":"Jogschies","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"020004","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4952658","article-title":"Noncontact vibration measurements using magnetoresistive sensing elements","volume":"Volume 1740","author":"Tomassini","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIP Conference Proceedings"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Mickael, P.W. (2018). A Near Field, Non-Contact Vibration Detector Using Giant Magnetoresistance Sensors. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Ferreira, R., and de Colosia Paz, E. (2020). Magnetoresistive Sensor. (10,718,830), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2016.2525772","article-title":"Linearization of Magnetic Sensors with a Weakly Pinned Free-Layer MTJ Stack Using a Three-Step Annealing Process","volume":"52","author":"Paz","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuo, S., Nazarpour, K., B\u00f6hnert, T., Paz, E., Freitas, P., Ferreira, R., and Heidari, H. (2020, January 20\u201324). Integrated Pico-Tesla Resolution Magnetoresistive Sensors for Miniaturised Magnetomyography. Proceedings of the 2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine Biology Society (EMBC), Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC44109.2020.9176266"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2020, December 01). PCB Piezotronics Model 394C06 Handheld Shaker. Available online: https:\/\/www.pcb.com."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsypkin, M. (2017, January 11\u201314). Induction motor condition monitoring: Vibration analysis technique\u2014Diagnosis of electromagnetic anomalies. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE AUTOTESTCON, Schaumburg, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/AUTEST.2017.8080483"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Meier, R. (2020, December 01). CoolTerm\u2014Serial Port Terminal Application. Available online: http:\/\/freeware.the-meiers.org."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3991\/ijoe.v16i04.11853","article-title":"Development of a Smart Gateway for a Label Loom Machine using Industrial IoT Technologies","volume":"16","author":"Torres","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Online Biomed. Eng. (iJOE)"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"ISO Central Secretary (2016). Mechanical Vibration\u2014Measurement and Evaluation of Machine Vibration\u2014Part 1: General Guidelines, International Organization for Standardization. Standard ISO 20816-1:2016."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4786","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2554885","article-title":"Dynamic eccentricity induced in induction motor detected by optical fiber Bragg grating strain sensors","volume":"16","author":"Sousa","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2015.2476561","article-title":"Application of MEMS accelerometer for detection and diagnosis of multiple faults in the roller element bearings of three phase induction motor","volume":"16","author":"Maruthi","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.3004515","article-title":"Non-invasive vibration measurement for diagnosis of bearing faults in 3-phase Squirrel cage induction motor using microwave sensor","volume":"21","author":"Barusu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2943931","article-title":"Motion induced eddy current sensor for non-intrusive vibration measurement","volume":"20","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens.J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2011.12.1053","article-title":"Experimental investigation on detection of air gap eccentricity in induction motors by current and vibration signature analysis using non-invasive sensors","volume":"14","author":"Hegde","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"}],"container-title":["Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2224-2708\/10\/1\/22\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:34:49Z","timestamp":1760160889000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2224-2708\/10\/1\/22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jsan10010022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jsan10010022","relation":{},"ISSN":["2224-2708"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2224-2708","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]}}}