{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T09:35:17Z","timestamp":1762076117400,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/04111\/2020 (COPELABS)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04111\/2020 (COPELABS)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JSAN"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reliable and efficient transmission of emergency calls during a massive network failure is both an indispensable and challenging task. In this paper, we propose a novel fully 3GPP and 5G compatible emergency call protocol named 5G StandalOne Service (5G-SOS). A 5G-SOS-enabled emergency service provides potential out-of-coverage victims\u2019 devices with a way to contact the 4G\/5G core network through D2D multi-hop relaying protocol. The objective of 5G-SOS is to maintain this connection even when a large fraction of the network infrastructure is destroyed. 5G-SOS is a fully distributed protocol designed to generate zero additional control traffic and to adapt its parameters based on the local emergency call congestion. Therefore, devices behave as an ad-hoc network with the common purpose to ensure the best chances for emergency call transfer within a reasonable delay. A densely populated Traverse city of Michigan, USA, with a 15,000 population, is used to evaluate 5G-SOS under extreme emergency scenarios. The performance of 5G-SOS is shown to be significant when compared with existing protocols, namely, M-HELP and FINDER, in terms of transmission success rate, end-to-end latency, network traffic control, and energy management. 5G-SOS provides satisfactory performance (success rate of 50%) even when the number of simultaneous emergency calls is very high (5000 calls over 10 min). On average, 5G-SOS performs 24.9% better than M-HELP and 73.9% than FINDER in terms of success rate. Additionally, 5G-SOS reduces the average end-end latency of the emergency calls transfer by 20.8% compared to M-HELP and 61.7% compared to FINDER.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan11040083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T07:10:27Z","timestamp":1669792227000},"page":"83","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Adaptive Emergency Call Service for Disaster Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5354-1722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vishaka","family":"Basnayake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Telecommunication Research, Faculty of Engineering, Sri Lanka Technological Campus, Padukka 11500, Sri Lanka"}]},{"given":"Hakim","family":"Mabed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DISC\/FEMTO-ST, Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9, 25200 Montb\u00e9liard, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7004-2930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dushantha Nalin K.","family":"Jayakody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COPELABS, Lus\u00f3fona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Canalda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DISC\/FEMTO-ST, Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9, 25200 Montb\u00e9liard, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7315-8739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marko","family":"Beko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COPELABS, Lus\u00f3fona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silvern, S., and Young, S. (2013). Disaster Risk Management and Social Impact Assessment: Understanding Preparedness, Response and Recovery in Community Projects. Environmental Change and Sustainability, IntechOpen. Chapter 10.","DOI":"10.5772\/46198"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Goshal, S. (2021, January 01). How 5G Enables Resiliency and Supports a Resolute Society.cdr. Available online: https:\/\/www.tcs.com\/content\/dam\/tcs\/pdf\/perspectives\/covid-19\/How-5G-Enables-Resiliency-and-Supports-a-Resolute-Society.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basnayake, V., Mabed, H., Canalda, P., and Jayakody, D.N.K. (2021, January 27\u201330). Enhanced Convex Hull based Clustering for High Population Density Avoidance under D2D Enabled Network. 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