{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T10:26:17Z","timestamp":1771669577169,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JVD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leiomyosarcomas (LMSs) are malignant neoplasms of soft muscle differentiation that can be classified into five distinct groups according to site-related origin: intra-abdominal, subcutaneous or deep soft tissue of the limbs, cutaneous, external genitalia, and vascular. This distinction reflects different biological behaviors as well as molecular changes, thus reflecting different prognoses and therapeutic options. Vascular LMSs are the least frequent, arising from the walls of the blood vessels, most commonly from the inferior vena cava. Due to its deep location, symptoms are non-specific, and the disease presents at an advanced stage, sometimes with metastases. Surgery is the treatment of choice, associated with chemo- and radiotherapy. Due to its rarity, most departments have minimal experience handling this disease. This article reviews the current knowledge on vascular leiomyosarcomas, particularly the inferior vena cava leiomyosarcoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jvd3010003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T04:38:51Z","timestamp":1704775131000},"page":"34-48","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["When Vessels and Sarcomas Combine: A Review of the Inferior Vena Cava Leiomyosarcoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5274-4114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Martins","family":"Gama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra, Hospitais Universit\u00e1rios de Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Doctoral Programme in Molecular Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra, Hospitais Universit\u00e1rios de Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui Caetano","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Diagn\u00f3stico Anatomopatol\u00f3gico Germano de Sousa, 3000-377 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Investigation on Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical and Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Casanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Investigation on Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical and Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Tumor Unit of the Locomotor Apparatus (UTAL), University Clinic of Orthopedics, Orthopedics Service, Coimbra Hospital and University Centre (CHUC), 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"IARC (2023, August 06). 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