{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T21:15:02Z","timestamp":1773868502565,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,8]],"date-time":"2024-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CIISA\/FMV Project UIDB\/00276\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIISA\/FMV Project UIDB\/00276\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020\u2014AL4AnimalS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020\u2014AL4AnimalS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Project ED431B 2021\/07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project ED431B 2021\/07"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020.09037.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.09037.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["CIISA\/FMV Project UIDB\/00276\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIISA\/FMV Project UIDB\/00276\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020\u2014AL4AnimalS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020\u2014AL4AnimalS"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["Project ED431B 2021\/07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project ED431B 2021\/07"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["2020.09037.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.09037.BD"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008425","name":"Conseller\u00eda de Cultura, Educaci\u00f3n e Universidades, Xunta de Galicia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CIISA\/FMV Project UIDB\/00276\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIISA\/FMV Project UIDB\/00276\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008425","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008425","name":"Conseller\u00eda de Cultura, Educaci\u00f3n e Universidades, Xunta de Galicia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020\u2014AL4AnimalS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020\u2014AL4AnimalS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008425","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008425","name":"Conseller\u00eda de Cultura, Educaci\u00f3n e Universidades, Xunta de Galicia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Project ED431B 2021\/07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project ED431B 2021\/07"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008425","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008425","name":"Conseller\u00eda de Cultura, Educaci\u00f3n e Universidades, Xunta de Galicia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020.09037.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.09037.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008425","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["CIISA\/FMV Project UIDB\/00276\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIISA\/FMV Project UIDB\/00276\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020\u2014AL4AnimalS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020\u2014AL4AnimalS"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["Project ED431B 2021\/07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project ED431B 2021\/07"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["2020.09037.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.09037.BD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JZBG"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Birds kept in zoological institutions are highly exposed to gastrointestinal (GI) parasitism caused by coccidia and nematodes. The current research aimed to characterize the avian GI parasitic fauna in several zoological collections in Portugal and Spain. During the full year of 2022, a total of 120 fecal samples were collected from four zoological institutions: Lisbon Zoo, Olivais Pedagogical Farm, and Avian Biodiversity Center (Lisbon, Portugal), and Avifauna park (Lugo, Spain). Analysis was conducted in domestic bird species (autochthonous and exotic poultry breeds), and 18 different exotic bird species like Galliformes (peacock, pheasant), Anseriformes (duck), Psittaciformes (parrot, macaw, cockatiel, parakeet, cockatoo), Coraciiformes (motmot), Charadriiformes (avocet), Strigiformes (owl), Phoenicopteriformes (flamingo), Struthioniformes (ostrich), Rheiformes (rhea), and Casuariiformes (emu, cassowary). Feces were processed using Mini-FLOTAC (MF), to identify parasitic forms and quantify their shedding (oocysts or eggs per gram of feces). Moreover, 15 fecal samples from pheasants were also processed using the McMaster method (McM), to compare the parasite shedding and frequencies between techniques. MF implementation allowed identification of coccidia infections in all bird collections. Also, peacocks of the Lisbon Zoo tested positive for Trichostrongylus tenuis and Strongyloides pavonis, and the exotic birds from Avifauna park were also positive for several nematode species, with Ascaridia sp., Capillaria sp., Strongyloides sp., and Syngamus trachea eggs being detected in pheasants\u2019 feces. Moreover, the analysis of pheasants\u2019 feces with MF detected prevalences of 33% for coccidia oocysts, and 47% for Capillaria sp. and Ascaridia sp. eggs, while McM detected prevalences of 13%, 27%, and 40% for the respective parasite taxa, with no differences being observed between methods (p = 0.39, p = 0.45, and p = 0.50, respectively). This research provided more scientific support regarding the importance of using Mini-FLOTAC in routine parasitological diagnosis in birds kept at zoological institutions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jzbg5020020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T10:45:56Z","timestamp":1718016356000},"page":"294-304","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Testing Mini-FLOTAC for the Monitorization of Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infections in Birds Kept at Four Iberian Zoological Institutions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5390-6998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Lozano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIISA\u2014Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade T\u00e9cnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"C\u00e1ndido","family":"Pombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Control of Parasites Research Group (COPAR, GI-2120), Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27142 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Rami","family":"Salmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Control of Parasites Research Group (COPAR, GI-2120), Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27142 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0368-6645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiana","family":"Cazapal-Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Control of Parasites Research Group (COPAR, GI-2120), Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27142 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2682-9015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Sol","family":"Arias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Control of Parasites Research Group (COPAR, GI-2120), Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27142 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food\u2014Research Center, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Madalena","family":"Lordelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food\u2014Research Center, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Augusto","family":"Batista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quinta Pedag\u00f3gica dos Olivais, C\u00e2mara Municipal de Lisboa, Rua Cidade de Lobito, Olivais Sul, 1800-088 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Bernardino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lisbon Zoo, Veterinary Hospital, Estrada de Benfica, 1549-004 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0975-2052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Rinaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino, 80137 Naples, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3910-1525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIISA\u2014Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade T\u00e9cnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"cE3c\u2014Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0208-3861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adolfo","family":"Paz-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Control of Parasites Research Group (COPAR, GI-2120), Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27142 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7548-667X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Madeira de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIISA\u2014Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade T\u00e9cnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-050622-104306","article-title":"The Role of Zoos and Aquariums in a Changing World","volume":"11","author":"Miranda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. 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