{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T13:31:03Z","timestamp":1776864663756,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Land"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spiders have been increasingly used as environmental and ecological indicators in conservation and ecosystem management. In the Neotropics, there is a shortage of information regarding spiders\u2019 taxonomies and ecological responses to anthropogenic disturbances. To unravel these hitches, we tested the possibility of using high-level diversity and high-level functionality indicators to evaluate spider assemblages\u2019 sensitivity to landscape changes. This approach, if proven informative, might overcome the relevant limitations of taxonomic derived indexes, which are considered time-consuming, cost-demanding and dependent on the (few) expert taxonomists\u2019 availability. Our results highlight the pertinence of both indicators\u2019 responses to the structural changes induced by increasing anthropogenic disturbance, and are associated with reductions in ecosystem complexity, microclimates, and microhabitats. Overall, both indicators were sensitive to structural changes induced by anthropogenic disturbance and should be considered a useful resource for assessing the extent of ecosystems\u2019 disruptions in the Neotropics, and also to guide managers in landscapes\u2019 restoration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/land10070758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T21:39:15Z","timestamp":1626730755000},"page":"758","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Assessing Ecological Disturbance in Neotropical Forest Landscapes Using High-Level Diversity and High-Level Functionality: Surprising Outcomes from a Case Study with Spider Assemblages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1182-4980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darinka Costa","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Ecology, CITAB\u2014Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-911 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Campus da Auga, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain"}]},{"given":"Reinaldo Lucas","family":"Cajaiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Ecology, CITAB\u2014Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-911 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2926-6246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"P\u00e9rico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution, University of Taquari Valley, Lajeado 95900-000, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Wully Barreto","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Maranh\u00e3o, Buriticupu 65393-000, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f4nio Domingos","family":"Brescovite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Zoological Collections, Butantan Institute, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio Maria Luis","family":"Crespi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Maranh\u00e3o, Buriticupu 65393-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4447-7113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Ecology, CITAB\u2014Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-911 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"34","article-title":"Assessing ecosystem services in Neotropical dry forests: A systematic review","volume":"44","author":"Duran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. 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