{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T23:38:28Z","timestamp":1768347508466,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]],"date-time":"2021-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/115497\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/115497\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00295\/2020 + UIDP\/00295\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00295\/2020 + UIDP\/00295\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Land"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Agricultural statistical data enable the detection and interpretation of the development of agriculture and the food supply situation over time, which is essential for food security evaluation in any country. Based on the historical agricultural statistics, this study produces a long spatial time-series with annual production values of three cereals relevant to global food security\u2014wheat, maize, and rice, aiming to provide geographical and historical perspectives. Therefore, we reconstructed past and current production patterns and trends at the district level over 169 years, which supported a space\u2013time cross-reading of the general characteristics of the regional agricultural production value distributions and relative densities in Portugal. Particularly, the production trends of wheat, maize, and rice showed three different situations: growth (maize), stability (rice), and decline (wheat). For decades, maize and wheat production alternated, depending on agricultural years and political aspects, such as the Wheat Campaign (1929\u20131938). The changes over time presented a pattern that, in the case of these three cereals, enabled a clear division of the country into major regions according to cereal production. Overall, maize and rice, both grown on irrigated croplands, presented a similar pattern in some regions of Portugal, mainly the central region. In this study, a preliminary analysis was presented and related to successive public policies; however, notably, there are more lessons to be learned from this long spatial time-series.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/land10080776","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]],"date-time":"2021-07-23T10:31:44Z","timestamp":1627036304000},"page":"776","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Evolution of Agricultural Production in Portugal during 1850\u20132018: A Geographical and Historical Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6858-4522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udia M.","family":"Viana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Geographical Studies, Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, Universidade de Lisboa, Rua Branca Edm\u00e9e Marques, 1600-276 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Dulce","family":"Freire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Economics, University of Coimbra, CEIS20, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5477-8657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Abrantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Geographical Studies, Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, Universidade de Lisboa, Rua Branca Edm\u00e9e Marques, 1600-276 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7228-6330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Geographical Studies, Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, Universidade de Lisboa, Rua Branca Edm\u00e9e Marques, 1600-276 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Mitchell, B.R. (1998). International Historical Statistics, Palgrave Macmillan."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Mitchell, B.R. (2011). British Historical Statistics, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Westlund, H., and Nilsson, P. (2019). Agriculture\u2019s transformation and land-use change in a post-urban world: A case study of the Stockholm region. J. Rural Stud."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2012.07.005","article-title":"Agricultural change and the rise of the British strawberry industry, 1920\u20132009","volume":"28","author":"Calleja","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Rural Stud."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Eurostat (2020). Regional Yearbook: 2020 Edition, Publications Office of the European Union."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freire, D., and Lains, P. (2017). An Agrarian History of Portugal, 1000\u20132000: Economic Development on the European Frontier, Brill.","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004311527"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Justino, D. (1988). A Forma\u00e7\u00e3o do Espa\u00e7o Econ\u00f3mico Nacional. Portugal: 1810\u20131913, Vega."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"935","article-title":"Estat\u00edstica e Produ\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00edcola em Portugal, 1848\u20131914***","volume":"XXXIII","author":"Lains","year":"1998","journal-title":"An\u00e1lise Soc."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Pereira, M.H. (1983). Livre-C\u00e2mbio e Desenvolvimento Econ\u00f3mico, S\u00e1 da Costa."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-985X.2005.00356.x","article-title":"Breaking the boundaries: Geographical approaches to integrating 200 years of the census","volume":"168","author":"Gregory","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. A Stat. Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2019.1645336","article-title":"The geospatial humanities: Past, present and future","volume":"33","author":"Martins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-020-01361-4","article-title":"Mobilizing the past to shape a better Anthropocene","volume":"5","author":"Boivin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-4762.00033","article-title":"A century of inequality in England and Wales using standardized geographical units","volume":"33","author":"Gregory","year":"2001","journal-title":"Area"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Ribeiro, O., Lautensach, H., and Daveau, S. (1988). Geografia de Portugal, S\u00e1 da Costa."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Lains, P. (2003). Os Progressos do Atraso: Uma Nova Hist\u00f3ria Econ\u00f3mica de Portugal, 1842\u20131992, Instituto Ciencias Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eeh.2011.11.002","article-title":"Persistent but not consistent: The growth of national income in Holland 1347\u20131807","volume":"49","year":"2012","journal-title":"Explor. Econ. Hist."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Thomas, R.W. (1980). Modelling in Geography: A Mathematical Approach, Harper & Row."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/gec3.12465","article-title":"Spatial interpolation using areal features: A review of methods and opportunities using new forms of data with coded illustrations","volume":"13","author":"Comber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geogr. Compass"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2021.01.004","article-title":"Farmland landscape fragmentation evolution and its driving mechanism from rural to urban: A case study of Changzhou City","volume":"82","author":"Penghui","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Rural Stud."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0743-0167(95)00049-6","article-title":"Age cohort analysis of the 20th century decline in U.S. farm numbers","volume":"12","author":"Gale","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Rural Stud."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Masser, I., and Blakemore, B. (1991). The areal interpolation problem: Estimating population using remote sensing in a GIS framework. Handling Geographical Information: Methodology and Potential Applications, Longman Scientific & Technical."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0198-9715(01)00013-8","article-title":"The accuracy of areal interpolation techniques: Standardising 19th and 20th century census data to allow long-term comparisons","volume":"26","author":"Gregory","year":"2002","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"297","article-title":"Areal Interpolation: A Variant of the Traditional Spatial Problem","volume":"1","author":"Goodchild","year":"1980","journal-title":"Geo-Processing"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1068\/a270211","article-title":"Modelling the Errors in Areal Interpolation between Zonal Systems by Monte Carlo Simulation","volume":"27","author":"Fisher","year":"1995","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. A Econ. Space"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2004.07.001","article-title":"Obtaining population estimates in non-census reporting zones: An evaluation of the 3-class dasymetric method","volume":"30","author":"Langford","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942-017-0102-z","article-title":"Transforming geographic scale: A comparison of combined population and areal weighting to other interpolation methods","volume":"16","author":"Hallisey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"132","article-title":"The Great Britain Historical GIS","volume":"33","author":"Gregory","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hist. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.2007.00706.x","article-title":"Target-Density Weighting Interpolation and Uncertainty Evaluation for Temporal Analysis of Census Data","volume":"39","author":"Schroeder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810500399589","article-title":"Error-sensitive historical GIS: Identifying areal interpolation errors in time-series data","volume":"20","author":"Gregory","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Han, J., Kamber, M., and Pei, J. (2012). Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques, Elsevier Inc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(01)00594-7","article-title":"Power of the Mann-Kendall and Spearman\u2019s rho tests for detecting monotonic trends in hydrological series","volume":"259","author":"Yue","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1992.tb00261.x","article-title":"The Analysis of Spatial Association by Use of Distance Statistics","volume":"24","author":"Getis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2009.01.035","article-title":"Identification of hydrological trends in the presence of serial and cross correlations: A review of selected methods and their application to annual flow regimes of Canadian rivers","volume":"368","author":"Khaliq","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Avillez, F. (2015). A Agricultura Portuguesa, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Francisco Manuel dos Santos."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"401","article-title":"Elementos para a hist\u00f3ria do fascismo nos campos: A \u00abCampanha do Trigo\u00bb: 1928-38 (I)","volume":"12","author":"Pais","year":"1976","journal-title":"An\u00e1lise Soc."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"771","article-title":"Rafael Duque e a pol\u00edtica agr\u00e1ria do Estado Novo (1934\u20131944)","volume":"26","author":"Rosas","year":"1991","journal-title":"An\u00e1lise Soc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2011.01.024","article-title":"Historical review of land use changes in Portugal (before and after EU integration in 1986) and their implications for land degradation and conservation, with a focus on Centro and Alentejo regions","volume":"31","author":"Jones","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"024012","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aa5a2f","article-title":"Using spatial statistics to identify emerging hot spots of forest loss","volume":"12","author":"Harris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2011.07.034","article-title":"A New Areal Interpolation Method Based on Spatial Statistics","volume":"21","author":"Murakami","year":"2011","journal-title":"Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1080\/15230406.2017.1304243","article-title":"Population at risk: Using areal interpolation and Twitter messages to create population models for burglaries and robberies","volume":"45","author":"Kounadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cartogr. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"27","article-title":"Spatial reallocation of areal data\u2014Another look at basic methods","volume":"1\u20132","author":"Vanhems","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. d\u2019\u00c9conomie R\u00e9g Urbaine"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2012.722636","article-title":"Stochastic model-based methods for handling uncertainty in areal interpolation","volume":"27","author":"Geddes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2016.08.017","article-title":"Measuring one century of railway accessibility and population change in France. A historical GIS approach","volume":"56","author":"Thevenin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."}],"container-title":["Land"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-445X\/10\/8\/776\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:33:55Z","timestamp":1760164435000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-445X\/10\/8\/776"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["land10080776"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/land10080776","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-445X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-445X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]]}}}