{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T08:11:50Z","timestamp":1773475910057,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Land"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hyperarid, arid, semiarid, and dry subhumid areas cover approximately 41% of the global land area. The human population in drylands, currently estimated at 2.7 billion, faces limited access to sufficient, affordable, and nutritious food. We discuss the interlinkages among water security, environmental security, energy security, economic security, health security, and food security governance, and how they affect food security in drylands. Reliable and adequate water supply, and the prevention of water contamination, increase the potential for ample food, fodder, and fiber production. Protecting woodlands and rangelands increases food security by buffering the slow onset effects of climate change, including biodiversity loss, desertification, salinization, and land degradation. The protection of natural lands is expected to decrease environmental contamination, and simultaneously, reduce the transfer of diseases from wildlife to humans. Biofuel production and hydroelectric power plants increase energy security but generate land-use conflicts, deforestation, and ecosystem degradation. Economic security generally positively correlates with food security. However, economic growth often degrades the environment, changes tenure rights over natural resources, and stimulates migration to urban areas, resulting in lower food and health security. Moreover, civil unrest, political instability, and armed conflicts disrupt local economies in drylands. Maintaining food security is crucial for health security; conversely, malnourished populations and unresponsive health systems decrease economic security, and adversely affect environmental, energy, and food security. Climate change is expected to deteriorate health security by spreading vector-borne diseases. Effective governance and timely interventions can substantially shorten periods of food insecurity, lower their intensities, and accelerate recovery from inevitable crises, and are therefore crucial in preventing humanitarian crises. Since global drylands population will nearly double by 2050, and since drylands are among the most susceptible areas to climate change, integrated multi-hazard approaches to food security are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/land10121350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T20:23:21Z","timestamp":1638908601000},"page":"1350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Multidimensional Food Security Nexus in Drylands under the Slow Onset Effects of Climate Change"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9725-0003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilan","family":"Stavi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, Yotvata 88820, Israel"},{"name":"Eilat Campus, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Eilat 88100, Israel"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5354-7198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Paschalidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry and Management of the Environment and Natural Resources, Democritus University of Thrace, 68200 Orestiada, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5424-0857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Apostolos P.","family":"Kyriazopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry and Management of the Environment and Natural Resources, Democritus University of Thrace, 68200 Orestiada, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3766-6493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rares","family":"Halbac-Cotoara-Zamfir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Politehnica University of Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0928-4217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Si Mokrane","family":"Siad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca\u2019 Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170 Venice, Italy"},{"name":"International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies (CIHEAM), Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari, Via Ceglie 9, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5400-9508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Suska-Malawska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8550, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2182-9948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dragisa","family":"Savic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Technology in Leskovac, University of Ni\u0161, 18000 Ni\u0161, Serbia"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Roque de Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Centro de Estudos Internacionais, 2649-026 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Thalheimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Policy Research on Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA"}]},{"given":"David Samuel","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate Service Center Germany (GERICS), Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (HZG), 21502 Geesthacht, Germany"}]},{"given":"Nurit","family":"Hashimshony-Yaffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Government and Society, The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Yaffo 6818211, Israel"}]},{"given":"Kees","family":"van der Geest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS), United Nations University, 53113 Bonn, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8864-2611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia M. d. S.","family":"Cordovil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA-UL), Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Andrej","family":"Ficko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davies, J., Barchiesi, S., Ogali, C.J., Welling, R., Dalton, J., and Laban, P. (2016). Water in Drylands: Adapting to Scarcity through Integrated Management, IUCN. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecolex.org\/details\/literature\/water-in-drylands-adapting-to-scarcity-through-integrated-management-mon-091227\/.","DOI":"10.2305\/IUCN.CH.2016.06.en"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"UNEP-WCMC (2007). 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